Subinguinal Cremasteric Disruption and Venous Ligation for Varicocele Repair

Aim: To evaluate the outcome of subinguinal cremasteric disruption and venous ligation for the treatment of varicocele with regard to improvement in semen parameters, recurrence hydrocele formation and testicular atrophy. Methods: The clinical study was carried out from July 2016 to June 2019. Fifty-nine patients were included in the study. Varicocele repair was done as a day case surgery under local anesthesia using cremasteric disruption and venous ligation technique. The treatment outcomes studied were improvement in semen parameters and complications like recurrence, hydrocele formation and testicular atrophy. Results: Seventy-four varicocelectomies were done in fifty-nine patients. Semen parameters improved in those nineteen patients who had abnormal semen parameters before surgery and nine out of these nineteen (47.36%) got their semen count normal after varicocele repair. There were five recurrences (6.75%). No hydrocele formation or testicular atrophy occurred during one year of follow up. Conclusion: Day case varicocelectomy by subinguinal cremasteric disruption and venous ligation is a simple, economical choice with minimal morbidity and comparable outcomes. Keywords: Varicocele, Subinguinal cremasteric disruption and venous ligation, complication

Efficiency of Vierendeel Girder, Post-tensioned Girders and Steel Beams for Long Cantilevers in Buildings

Cantilevers are a part of our life, they are everywhere: bridg–es, building’s balconies, traffic signs, car parking shades even the aircraft’s wings. The long cantilevers of the buildings always present as a big challenge to structural engineers in their practice life. The structural behavior of these cantilevers depends on a several factors, such as rigidity of the slab, rigidity of columns or walls, span continuity... etc. But the real dilemma lies in the economical choice. This paper focused on the cantilever’s structural analysis according to the used structural. Moreover, it shows a comparison between three structural system choices: Vierendeel Girder, Post - Tensioned Girders and Steel Composite Beam in a graph. The objective of this paper is to give a guideline to the structural engineers to choose the optimum system of the building cantilevers according to the factors mentioned earlier. At the end, the paper illustrated the Vierendeel girder is the most efficient system for cantilevers. Accordingly, recommendations result on that up to 4.0 m cantilever length steel beams will be enough, for more than 4.0 and less than or equal to 6.0 m post-tension is recommended, and for more than 6.0 m cantilever we should use Vierendeel girder.

Environmental Issues As an Indispensable Aspect of Sustainable Leadership

In an era of environmental crisis, the world is at a perilous moment. The fight between sustainability and economical choice has been a contentious matter and the world is facing environmental uncertainties today. The main purpose of the present study is to prepare an integrated exploration of the development of consciousness in all business categories. This study also focuses on the indispensable roles and impact of top management in merging the commitment and abilities to environmental leadership and thus, adds a contemporary insight into how businesses, economic stakeholders, government authorities, and the general human sphere can mitigate the runaway menace of environmental issues. Finally, the current authors conclude that the environment is the supernatural force that is making life a possibility on the planet. Therefore, every human operation should be regulated by the approaches mentioned in this study and efforts made through the strategic principles and theories of leadership.

Daily Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Glaucoma Fixed Combinations in China

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the daily costs and cost effectiveness of fixed combination glaucoma drugs in China. Methods. This study included the following fixed combination drugs: brinzolamide 1% and timolol 0.5% (Azarga; Alcon, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA), travoprost 0.004% and timolol 0.5% (DuoTrav; Alcon, Inc.), bimatoprost 0.03% and timolol 0.5% (Ganfort; Allergan, Inc., Dublin, Ireland), and latanoprost 0.005% and timolol 0.5% (Xalacom; Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA). Five bottles of each drug were measured. The mean actual volume, mean actual number of drops, volume per drop, daily cost, yearly cost, and per mmHg reduction cost for each drug were calculated. Results. The volumes per drop ranged from 32.61 ± 2.90 μl (DuoTrav) to 24.38 ± 0.23 μl (Ganfort). The number of usage days per bottle varied from 36 days (DuoTrav) to 61 days (Ganfort). Azarga had the lowest daily cost ($0.23) and yearly cost ($84.72), while DuoTrav had the highest daily cost ($0.79) and yearly cost ($287.02). Azarga costed $2.17–$3.30 per mmHg intraocular pressure reduction, which was lower than the other three drugs. For the prostaglandin and ß-adrenergic blocker FCs, Ganfort had the lowest daily cost ($0.35) and per mmHg reduction cost (from $3.40 to $4.04). Conclusions. The daily costs of these drugs were significantly different, with Azarga having the lowest daily cost and best cost effectiveness. For the prostaglandin and β-adrenergic blocker fixed combinations, Ganfort was the most economical choice with its lower daily cost and per mmHg reduction cost. The results of this study could provide drug selection guidance from an economic perspective, but various factors should be considered when making a decision.

An Economical Method for Simultaneously Improving Pretreatment and Anaerobic Fermentation Effects on Corn Straw Using Ultra-Low Concentration FeCl2

Low pollution, slight corrosion, and low cost are the main challenges in the conversion of biomass to biogas. In this work, based on the whole process optimization of biomass conversion, an effective method using an ultra-low concentration of FeCl2 was proposed to simultaneously promote the biochemical reaction and improve the pretreatment effect. The concentration of FeCl2 in the pretreatment was determined according to the requirements of the minimum amount which led to the optimal performance of the anaerobic system and had economical importance. The effects of FeCl2 in the pretreatment and anaerobic fermentation were evaluated by comparing with that of distilled water in the production of hydrolysis products and organic acids. The optimal condition was obtained at 180 °C and 10 min with 1 × 10−5 mol/L FeCl2 pretreatment. At that condition, hemicellulose achieved a high conversion of 97.6%, and the released xylose reached nearly 95%. At least 77.5% of the organic matter in the solution can be utilized for subsequent fermentation. FeCl2 pretreatment also accelerated the anaerobic acidification fermentation process and promoted organic acid yields. The work provided a meaningful and economical choice for the conversion technology of biomass to biogas.

Stereotyping Scandinavia in popular spy films: The image of the female

Stereotyping, though considered ‘politically incorrect’, is viewed by some as a culturally economical choice that helps us save energy by simplifying the process of perceiving the world and its people. Spy films, in turn, are often constructed from certain clichés that some viewers expect, while more sophisticated spectators find them discrediting. Yet intentional use of clichés, including national and cultural stereotypes, may serve the purpose of conscious criticism or cultural irony, as is often the case in spy film parodies or spoofs. Referring to the widespread spy narrative character typology embodied in James Bond films, the article considers the popular stereotype of the Scandinavian woman observed in twenty-first-century espionage films for wide audiences, focusing on the Hamilton and Kingsman series to examine the effects that serious or ironic use of the stereotype has on the representation of female characters.

Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Dilution in Coastal Waters

Sea outfall systems are preferred to refinery systems because of the assimilation capacity of the sea as an economical choice. If sea outfall systems are chosen, the location of the sea outfall is critical for preventing the return of wastewater to the coastal zone and recovery back into an ecosystem. On the basis of the regulation of water pollution control, bacterial concentration needs to be below a certain value in the protected area. The primary effects on dilution are coastal currents generated by wind and transport of wastewater in closed or semi-closed coastal regions, as found in Turkey. Accurate predictions of wind and wave climates and currents are critical in sea outfall planning. In this study, the wind climate is determined from the data provided by the Edremit and Ayvalık Meteorological Stations and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational archive at the coordinates of 39.50° N–26.90° E. Wind, wave, and current roses are prepared by HYDROTAM-3D. CORMIX was used for the near-field dilution, and HYDROTAM-3D, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic transport model, was used for the far-field dilution of the pollutant. The results of near-field and far-field dilution modeling show that the sea outfall of Edremit–Zeytinli meets the legal regulations.

Simulation of Energy Dump Converter Topology for Switched Reluctance Motors

The switched reluctance machine (SRM) is the least expensive machine to produce yet it is very reliable. An SRM drive system has to be designed so that there is integration between the machine and the converter-controller configuration. This paper focuses on the resistor dump converter topology where most of the energy from the windings is dissipated in a resistor. A detailed analysis and simulation of the converter has been conducted and a design guideline for the proposed converter is laid out. The resistor dump converter has a low component count and this enables it to achieve a low cost converter. Simulation results show that for the resistor dump converter additional snubbers are required. This leads to an increase in complexity of the controller as more parameters need to be considered. Also, the addition of the passive components of the snubber makes the circuit less reliable and costly. For the purpose of just looking into detail on the behaviour of the converter, it is sufficient to look at the results of the simulation using a static inductor to model the SP-SRM. If cost is to be the priority, the most economical choice must be made but within limits of the application.

The Application of Anti-Corrosion Materials in the Oil and Gas Field Development

With the development of some severely corrosive oil and gas fields, the phenomenon of material corrosion is increasingly serious. Through a large number of literature investigation, comparing with the advantages and disadvantages of anti-corrosion materials in CO2, H2S and Cl- concomitant environment. In the development of oil and gas filed use some new anti-corrosion materias. CRAs under highly corrosive conditions remains the most effective and relatively economical choice in downhole and wellhead. At special pipe sections usually use super high-density polyethylene and nylon. Process piping usually use CRAs and CLASs. In water treatment systems use non-metallic pipes (HDPE, FRP). Oil and gas output pipelines and rubber seals use CLASs, try to slow down the corrosion.

A novel 3C-SiC on Si power Schottky diode design and modelling

ABSTRACTAlthough 3C-SiC has a narrower bandgap than 4H-SiC, it is the only SiC polytype that can be grown directly over large area silicon substrates. It has the potential to provide a more economical choice than 4H-SiC for intermediate power devices, such as inverters for electric vehicles. To fabricate a vertical device on 3C-SiC, the Si substrate is usually removed either by etching or polishing. Neither of these processes is economical nor efficient. In this paper we propose a lateral Schottky diode design for 3C-SiC on Si structure. 2D finite element simulations using ATLAS showed that a breakdown voltage beyond 1200 V can be achieved with a 4 μm thick epilayer. Physical models used for 3C-SiC/Si power devices simulations are introduced. Advantages of lateral 3C-SiC/Si diodes over free standing 3C-SiC are also discussed.