THE EFFECTS OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD RADIO FREQUENCY ON HEMATOPOIETIC ORGANS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Цель - оценка влияния электромагнитного излучения радиочастотного диапазона на органы кроветворения самок и самцов мышей линии СВА. Методика. Опытные группы животных подвергали воздействию электромагнитного излучения радиочастотного диапазона (диапазон сотовой связи) с интенсивностью 1,2 мВт/см2, периодом экспозиции 10 мин ежедневно в течение 5 сут. Через 30 сут с момента начала облучения часть животных выводили из эксперимента для исследования органов кроветворения, другую часть спаривали для получения потомства. Результаты. Установлено, что воздействие исследуемого фактора вызывает статистически значимые изменения в красном костном мозге, селезенке, тимусе, периферической крови у экспериментальных животных и их потомства. Через 30 сут у облученных самок мышей в крови возрастало количество эритроцитов, у половозрелых самцов количество эритроцитов уменьшалось. Содержание гемоглобина изменялось однонаправленно у облученных самок и самцов, что проявлялось тенденцией к снижению его уровня. У самцов и самок отмечалось снижение числа нейтрофилов. Число лимфоцитов у самцов было в пределах нормы, у самок отмечалась тенденция к увеличению доли лимфоцитов. Однонаправленные изменения у самок и самцов отмечены в эритроидном ростке - уменьшение числа полихроматофильных и оксифильных нормоцитов, вследствие ускоренного созревания клеток и их выхода в кровь. В тимусе облученных самок и самцов уменьшалось число ядросодержащих клеток, в селезенке, напротив, их число увеличивалось. У потомства облученных животных снижалось число лейкоцитов с увеличением доли юных и палочкоядерных нейтрофилов, доля лимфоцитов снижалась по сравнению с потомством необлученных животных. Заключение. Выявленные изменения расцениваются как компенсаторно-приспособительные реакции в органах кроветворения у экспериментальных животных. The purpose - identify the effects of the influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at the radio frequency band hemopoietic organs of males and females CBA mice in different models of irradiation. Methods. The experimental group of animals exposed to RF EMF with an intensity of 1.2 mW / cm2 exposure period of 10 minutes daily for 5 days. After 30 days from the start of irradiation of the animals were taken out of the experiment for the study of blood, the other part mated to produce offspring. Results. It was found that when exposed to the test factor there was a significant change in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, peripheral blood of experimental animals and their offspring. The findings indicate the development of compensatory and adaptive reactions of the blood of experimental animals.

EMBRYONIC HAEMOPOIESIS IN EARLY ONTOGENY OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPIUS)

The study of the growth of blood cells and hemopoietic organs of claravia catfish ( Clarias gariepius ) grown in the closed loop water systems on the basis of "RANTOP AGRO-5" LLC in the Krasnodar region. Test materials (prolarvae and larvae aged 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days of active feeding) were selected in the spring-summer period of 2013-2014. Prolarvae in mesenchyma of forming mesonephros which begins to develop after hatching had primordial precursor cell and blast blood cells between forming vesicles. There took place differentiation of erythropoietic cells: erythroblasts, pronormoblasts and basophilic normoblasts. Accumulation of hemoglobin in erythrocytes indicates that since the first day of hatching, the blood starts to perform transport function - transportation of oxygen. The rudiment of thymus was observed in larvae aged 10 days. This organ generated lymphocytepoietic cells. The central hemopoietic organ - spleen - was originally registered as a mesenchymal rudiment at the age of 10 days. At the age of 25 days, development of the organ stroma is not finished in clarid catfish larvae. Reticular tissues develop actively. Separate lymphoid clumps in the spleen structure have not been found. Melano-macrofagic centres are also unformed. Qualitative analysis of haemopoiesis showed that in spleen there take place development of all types of blood cells: erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis and agranulopoiesis.

Lmo2 and GATA-3 associated expression in intraembryonic hemogenic sites

It is now widely accepted that hemopoietic cells born intraembryonically are the best candidates for the seeding of definitive hemopoietic organs. To further understand the mechanisms involved in the generation of definitive hemopoietic stem cells, we analysed the expression of the hemopoietic-related transcription factors Lmo2 and GATA-3 during the early steps of mouse development (7-12 dpc), with a particular emphasis on intraembryonic hemogenic sites. We show here that both Lmo2 and GATA-3 are present in the intraembryonic regions known to give rise to hemopoietic precursors in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that they act together at key points of hemopoietic development. (1) Lmo2 and GATA-3 are expressed in the caudal mesoderm during the phase of intraembryonic precursors determination. (2) A highly transient concomitant expression is observed in the caudal intraembryonic definitive endoderm, suggesting that these factors are involved in the specification of intraembryonic hemopoietic precursors. (3) Lmo2 and GATA-3 are expressed within the hemopoietic clusters located in the aortic floor during fetal liver colonisation. Furthermore, a strong GATA-3 signal allowed us to uncover previously unreported mesodermal aggregates beneath the aorta. A combined in situ and immunocytological analysis strongly suggests that ventral mesodermal GATA-3 patches are involved in the process of intraembryonic stem cell generation.

Ontogeny and behaviour of early macrophages in the zebrafish embryo

In the zebrafish embryo, the only known site of hemopoieisis is an intra-embryonic blood island at the junction between trunk and tail that gives rise to erythroid cells. Using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, as well as in-situ hybridization for the expression of two new hemopoietic marker genes, draculin and leucocyte-specific plastin, we show that macrophages appear in the embryo at least as early as erythroid cells, but originate from ventro-lateral mesoderm situated at the other end of the embryo, just anterior to the cardiac field. These macrophage precursors migrate to the yolksac, and differentiate. From the yolksac, many invade the mesenchyme of the head, while others join the blood circulation. Apart from phagocytosing apoptotic corpses, these macrophages were observed to engulf and destroy large amounts of bacteria injected intravenously; the macrophages also sensed the presence of bacteria injected into body cavities that are isolated from the blood, migrated into these cavities and eradicated the microorganisms. Moreover, we observed that although only a fraction of the macrophage population goes to the site of infection, the entire population acquires an activated behaviour, similar to that of activated macrophages in mammals. Our results support the notion that in vertebrate embryos, macrophages endowed with proliferative capacity arise early from the hemopoietic lineage through a non-classical, rapid differentiation pathway, which bypasses the monocytic series that is well-documented in adult hemopoietic organs.