Application and Recent Trends in Implementation of Internet of Things: A comprehensive review

Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving technology in the current era with a combination of diverse computational technologies, objects, animals and human. The objects in the IoT framework transmit data among themselves and they are assigned with unique numbers for identification. The communication among the network is established by identification system and functions without any centralized system. Advancement in the sensor network has made automation in numerous field and integration of soft computing technology in the IoT system has made effective decision making. The objects resides in the IoT system acts intelligent and perform the actions intelligently. The IoT based technology enhances daily life of humans via connected devices and makes living things context-aware. The information collected from sensors will be processed with the computational algorithms and effective predictions are accomplished. In this article, recent applications and soft computing algorithms are reviewed. In addition to that numerous applications based on IoT is also discussed in this article.

How Cellular Agriculture Systems Can Promote Food Security

Cellular agriculture, the manufacturing of animal-sourced foods by cell cultures, may promote food security by providing a food source that is available, accessible, utilized, and stable. The extent to which cellular agriculture can promote food security, however, will depend in part on the supply system by which it produces food. Many cellular agriculture companies appear poised to follow a centralized supply system, in which production is concentrated within a small number of large plants and products are distributed over a wide area. This model benefits from economies of scale, but has several weaknesses to food security. By being built of a handful of plants with products distributed by a large transportation network, the centralized model is vulnerable to closures, as became clear for animal-sourced centralized system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cellular agriculture systems are being built now; therefore, alternative supply system models of decentralized and distributed systems should be considered as the systems of cellular agriculture production are established. This paper defines both the requirements of food security and three possible supply system models that cellular agriculture could take and evaluates each model based on the requirements of food security.

On the Political Aspects of Development of the System of State and Municipal Management in Ukraine

The article examines the history of the formation and reform of the system of state and municipal administration in Ukraine. In the conditions when the socio-political space of Ukraine is characterized by pronounced regionalism, and the issue of transition to a federal state system is excluded from the real political agenda, the nature of the development of the system of state and municipal administration can serve as a reflection of the ratio of centrifugal and centripetal trends in the internal political development of Ukraine. The article presents an analysis of the factors of internal political development of Ukraine that most influenced the formation of a centralized system of territorial administration in the country in the post- Soviet period and predetermined the weakness of local self-government, as well as the reasons for the failure of several attempts at reforms. Special attention is paid to the implementation of the decentralization policy after 2014. The article reveals the connection of the concept of modern administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine with the settlement process in the Donbas, as well as with the approaches in Western political science, according to which decentralization is considered as a tool for neutralizing the political potential of regionalism and countering regional separatism. The results and political orientation of decentralization in the context of the acute socio- economic crisis in Ukraine are evaluated.

On the Development of the Mechanism for Regulating Medical Waste

Introduction: at the moment, medical waste is removed from the scope of application of the legislation on production and consumption waste. With its regulatory mechanism, the medical waste management system in practice demonstrates a clear lack of controls over the movement of waste streams. In this regard, the author aims to study the reasons and conditions for the separation of medical waste as an object of law, as well as to determine possible ways to develop legal regulation in medical waste management. Within the framework of the research, the author uses a set of methods of cognition, among which the methods of system analysis, historicism, and the comparative law method prevail. Results: as part of the study, it is found that the attempt to create a more rigid, compared to the ordinary one, system for regulating medical waste, led to a lack of legal institutions in the mechanism of the system. The author considers the scientific concepts of the development of the medical waste sphere, as well as the legislative initiative for its modernization. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that most scientific positions are reduced to the need to bring the regime of medical waste closer to the waste of production and consumption, which, in the author’s opinion, does not take into account the reasons for the isolation of the system and the specifics of the activities of medical and pharmaceutical organizations. Against this background, the initiative to create a centralized system for the management of medical waste, which, however, also needs to be improved, seems more successful. As a result, the author put forward some proposals for amendments to the bill.

A Model of Life Cycle on Biogas Feed to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in Malaysia: Economic and Environmental Perspective

Abundant of palm oil waste creates huge potential in producing biogas. Technically, biogas can be fed as an input gas into the fuel cell system to get the electricity output. This paper aims to estimate the life cycle costs and environmental impact for the biogas feed to the solid oxide fuel cell system in two different models: Individual System and Centralized System. Then the system boundary-setting starts from palm oil plantation until the fuel cell system. The result indicates that the individual system is more efficient due to lower cost and emission compared to the centralized system. Life cycle cost for the individual and centralized system is RM 2.56 / kWh and RM 7.04 / kWh, respectively. Then the carbon dioxide emissions are 0.2034 CO2-EQ / kWh and 0.61 CO2-EQ / kWh. Hopefully, the outcome from this paper will be able to assist the decision-maker in planning to model the fuel cell combining with biogas system in the future. Apart from that, its objective is to focus on cost-efficient and more sustainable electricity generation.

THE BIRTH OF A “NEW” ECONOMY: OVERCENTRALIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE USSR (SECOND HALF OF THE 1920s-1930s)

The economy of modern Russia is in rather unfavorable conditions for its development. Economic growth rates have lagged behind the world average for a long time, and production indicators are falling. And all this is taking place in the context of growing international isolationism, which does not allow the full use of external loans and technologies. In turn, this situation is sensitively reflected in the quality and standard of living of the population, which are declining every year. The reasons for the current difficulties must be sought not only in modern phenomena, but also in those processes that took place in the past. Simultaneously with them, it is necessary to identify examples of successful development of statehood, which allowed the country to achieve significant, in certain periods - exponential, growth of the domestic economy. In this regard, an example of such a period is the second half of the 1920s - 1930s, when in a short period of time the USSR was able to achieve a colossal increase in the gross indicators of the economy and take its rightful place among the leading industrial states. It seems to us that the reasons for such a powerful rise were the over-centralization of the economy. It helped to reveal the hidden reserves of Soviet society, to streamline the activities of all elements of the management system. This aspect determined the goal of our study as a study of the emergence of a super-centralized system of industrial management in the USSR.

Security, Privacy, and Reliability in Digital Healthcare Systems Using Blockchain

According to the security breach level index, millions of records are stolen worldwide on every single day. Personal health records are the most targeted records on the internet, and they are considered sensitive, and valuable. Security and privacy are the most important parameters of cryptography and encryption. They reduce the availability of data on patients and healthcare to the appropriate personnel and ultimately lead to a barrier in the transfer of healthcare into a digital health system. Using a permission blockchain to share healthcare data can reduce security and privacy issues. According to the literature, most healthcare systems rely on a centralized system, which is more prone to security vulnerabilities. The existing blockchain-based healthcare schemes provide only a data-sharing framework, but they lack security and privacy. To cope with these kinds of security issues, we have designed a novel security algorithm that provides security as well as privacy with much better efficiency and a lower cost. Hence, in this research, we have proposed a patient healthcare framework that provides greater security, reliability, and authentication compared to existing blockchain-based access control.

Grid Impact Assessment of Centralized and Decentralized Photovoltaic-Based Distribution Generation: A Case Study of Power Distribution Network with High Renewable Energy Penetration

This paper presents a grid impact assessment of a 5 MWp photovoltaic-based distribution unit on a 33 kV/23 MVA power distribution network with high penetration of renewable energy generation. The adapted network has an average load demand of 23 MVA, with a 3 MWp centralized PV system, and a number of decentralized PV systems of a capacity of 2 MWp. A grid impact assessment is done to an additional 5 MWp of PV generation as a centralized system as well as a number of decentralized systems. Power flow analysis is conducted to the grid considering different generation loading scenarios in order to study grid performance including active and reactive power flow, voltage profiles, distribution power transformers loading, transmission lines ampacity levels, and active and reactive power losses. On the other hand, the distribution of the decentralized systems is done optimally considering power distribution transformer loading and available area using the geographical information system. Finally, an economic analysis is done for both cases. Results showed that grid performance is better considering decentralized PV systems, whereas the active power losses are reduced by 13.43% and the reactive power losses are reduced by 14.48%. Moreover, the voltage of buses improved as compared to the centralized system. However, the decentralized PV systems were found to affect the power quality negatively more than the centralized system. As for the economic analysis, the decentralized PV system option is found slightly less profitable than the centralized system, whereas the simple payback period is 9 and 7 years, respectively. However, decentralized PV systems are recommended considering the technical implications of the centralized PV system.

Romania

This chapter examines health politics and the social health insurance system in Romania. It traces the development of the Romanian healthcare system, characterized by chronic underfunding, political neglect, and low public satisfaction. Since the regime change in 1989, Romanian health policy has focused on the transformation from a Semashko-style tax-based centralized system into a more decentralized Bismarckian social insurance system. Other healthcare issues have been rising out-of-pocket payments, a failed privatization attempt starting in 2007, and cost-containment measures following the 2008 recession. As the chapter argues, political instability, especially the frequent changes of health ministers, is partly responsible for a lack of long-term planning and a patchwork style of reforms.

Le système juridique unitaire à l’epreuve du droit coutumier : la nécessité d’une territorialisation du droit

"The French State is a unitary State as opposed to federal States, in which there is one Constitution providing for provisions applicable throughout the territory of the French Republic. Unity can be found in a legal unity first, in this the unitary Law is the one that does not admit of territorial differenciation. A political and organic unity, since there is only one Parliament, one Government. A social unity eventually, which consists of the admission of a single French people. If the French tradition is based on a centralized system, the implementation of the process of territorial decentralization led to reconsider the uniformity of the Law precisely with the question of territorial differenciation and territorialisation of Law. The present study proposes to return to the consideration by unitary Law of local territories including the overseas territories with the problem of reconciling such a system with customary Law. Keywords: unitary Law, customary Law, territorial decentralization, territorialisation of Law, the overseas territories "