Análise comportamental de padrões parentais a partir da noção de autocontrole e impulsividade

O presente artigo objetivou a análise conceitual de estilos ou padrões parentais a partir das noções de autocontrole e impulsividade encontradas na literatura sobre comportamento de escolha em Análise do Comportamento partindo-se da contextualização das discussões encontradas no desenvolvimento de ideias econômicas e suas críticas. A revisão sobre os modelos de estilos parentais de referência presentes na literatura sugere uma divergência entre os modelos explicativos tipológicos e produções em Análise do Comportamento. Proposições sobre escolha racional do campo da microeconomia e os desdobramentos a partir da crítica à racionalidade foram analisadas com apresentação das teorias da utilidade e dos prospectos. Considerando processos de impulsividade e autocontrole, o exame a partir da Análise do Comportamento indicou que as teorias normativas econômicas não preveem a reversão da preferência de escolhas parentais de métodos educacionais dos filhos em decorrência da alteração do valor subjetivo dos reforçadores por atraso e probabilidade. A análise relacionou escolha e preferência dos pais sobre métodos educacionais à imediaticidade e certeza do uso da punição no controle do comportamento filial, e atraso e probabilidade como parâmetros necessariamente encontrados no uso de reforço como método educacional, caracterizando respectivamente padrões parentais impulsivo e autocontrolado. This article aimed at the conceptual analysis of parental styles based on the notions of self-control and impulsiveness found in the literature on behavior of choice in Behavior Analysis, from the contextualization of the discussions found in the development of economic ideas and their criticisms. The review of models of parenting styles of reference in the literature suggests a divergence between typological models and productions in Behavior Analysis. Propositions about the rational choice of the field of microeconomics and the unfolding from the critique to the rationality were analyzed with presentation of theories of utility and prospects. Considering processes of impulsivity and self-control, the analysis from the Behavior Analysis indicated that economic normative theories do not predict the reversal of the preference of parental choices of the educational methods of the children as a result of the alteration of the subjective value of the reinforcers by delay and probability. The analysis related parents' choice and preference about educational methods to the immediacy and certainty of the use of punishment in the control of filial behavior, and delay and probability as parameters necessarily found in the use of reinforcement as an educational method, respectively characterizing impulsive and self-controlled parental patterns. Key words: Choice behavior. Parenting styles. Self-control. Impulsiveness.

Ewe maternal behavior score to estimate lamb survival and performance during lactation

Mortality of perinatal lambs and low weight at weaning cause huge liabilities to farmers. Current study describes maternal-filial behavior and evaluates the use of maternal behavior score (MBS) to estimate the behavior of ewes and lambs soon after birth, and correlate it with lamb mortality and performance during lactation. Thirty-seven Corriedale ewes were used in a completely randomized design. MBS was assessed up to 24 hours after birth, taking into consideration the distance of the ewe from the lamb at the approach of a person. Maternal behavior, placental weight, weight gain of the lambs until weaning and their survival rate were also evaluated until two hours after lambing. More than 90% of the ewes had adequate maternal behavior, with parental care, even though ewes were very sensitive to the presence of people. There was no significant correlation between MBS and maternal behavior, lamb mortality rate and live weight gain. Under these conditions, MBS was not a useful tool to estimate maternal behavior and performance of lambs.

The Relationship Between Mutuality, Filial Piety, and Depression in Family Caregivers in China

Purpose. Caregiving to parent stroke survivors in China is increasing and adult child–parent relationships are being challenged. The purpose of this study was to explore whether mutuality and filial piety have a protective role against caregiver depression. Design. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with a nonproportional quota sample of 126 caregivers. Surveys were conducted at hospitals or in homes using structured questionnaires: the 15-item Mutuality Scale, the 4-item Filial Attitude Scale, the 9-item Filial Behavior Scale, and the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results. Higher mutuality and stronger filial attitudes were significantly associated with less caregiver depression after the covariates were controlled. Mutuality explained 5.5% ( p < .01) and filial attitude explained 4.6% ( p < .01) of the variance in caregiver depression. Conclusion. Mutuality and filial attitude may be protective factors against caregiver depression. Implications for Practice. Supportive strategies can be implemented to enhance mutuality and filial attitude.

The Evolving Role of Filial Piety in Eldercare in Hong Kong

In our study, we examine how prevalent the notion of filial piety remains in a modern Chinese society like Hong Kong as an initiative for individuals to become caregivers for their parents, and how it is practiced in actual caregiving scenarios. From the experiences of the caregivers analyzed in our paper, it can be seen that the Confucian notion of filial piety as a cultural norm still runs deep even in a post-industrial society like Hong Kong. However, the respondents in our study have adopted aspects of this filial norm to suit their own experiences and actual circumstances in their everyday caregiving practices. We also found that a relational approach to filial behavior with its emphasis on 'felt obligation' seemed to offer an apt interpretation of the respondents' motivations while engaging in caregiving for their parents. Specifically, caregiver obligations are negotiated commitments that can perhaps only be accurately interpreted in their highly personal family contexts. In addition, the notion of reciprocity, or giving back to one's parents, was also a prevalent factor, which reflected that emotional bonds binding the parents and children remained important, as was the empathy for elderly parents.