Development of antimicrobial soaps using essential oil of Schinus terebinthifolius and Piper nigrun

A cosmetic product consists of natural or synthetic substances, the purpose of which is to wash, scent, correct and protect the various parts of the human body. Human skin has pores that connect to the oil glands, which produce sebum, an oily liquid that carries dead cells through the hair follicles to the surface of the epidermis, causing the appearance of skin lesions and the growth of microorganisms. In the present work, two antimicrobial soaps were formulated in solid and liquid form using essential oil of Schinus terebinthifolius and Piper nigrun, analysed and compared with other antimicrobial soaps available on the market. In addition, the microbiological safety of the products developed was tested, according to ANVISA criteria. All products developed in this work have microbiological safety, but the best inhibitory results regarding the growth of the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were obtained with the soaps in liquid form.

A packed bed Reactor Combined with Membrane Unit for the Elimination of Toluene Vapours using a Novel Packing Material

Toluene is a colorless and aromatic oily liquid primarily used in the petrochemical and polymer processing industries and has been used in this study as the target compound. Continuous experiments were performed in a biofilter on a laboratory scale, followed by a membrane reactor to monitor toluene as one single contaminant. This bioreactor device included a reactor with a packed bed and a membrane array. Pearl millet stacks and berl saddles have been used as packing material for the development of the attached microorganism. Toluene was efficiently treated, with toluene effluent concentrations held at less than 0.4 g m-3 and a Total Removal Efficiency (TRE) of more than 96 % achieved when fluctuating loads were faced by the packed bed reactor. The combined packed bed reactor system had a maximum RE of 93.8 g m -3 h -1 , which was higher than the one obtained with the packed bed reactor alone. In this work the influences on gas membrane separation were also explored in the combined bioreactor and membrane fouling.

Phytochemical Compounds of Branches from P. halepensis Oily Liquid Extract and S. terebinthifolius Essential Oil and Their Potential Antifungal Activity

In the present study, the antifungal activity of wood treated with Pinus halepensis branch n-hexane oily liquid extract (OLE) and Schinus terebinthifolius branch essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the growth of four phytopathogenic fungi—Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Air-dried wood samples of Pinus roxburghii were autoclaved, and each wood received 100 µL of the concentrated oils from P. halepensis and S. terebinthifolius. The main compounds identified in S. terebinthifolius branch EO were terpinen-4-ol (18.25%), cis-β-terpineol (15.60%), γ-terpinene (12.46%), sabinene (9.83%), α-terpinene (8.56%), and 4-thujanol (6.71%), while the main compounds in P. halepensis branch HeO were 2-undecenal (22.25%), 4-hydroxy-10-methyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-2-one (8.43%), (Z)-2-decenal (6.88%), nonanal (5.85%), (2E)-2-decenal (4.65%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (4.41%), arachidonic acid methyl ester (4.36%), and 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (4.22%). P. halepensis OLE at a concentration of 3% showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) of B. oryzae, followed by S. terebinthifolius EO at 3% and 2%, with IPFG values of 80%, 74.44%, and 71.66%, respectively. At a concentration of 3%, branch oils from S. terebinthifolius and P. halepensis were found to have the highest IPFG values with 45.55% and 40.55%, respectively, against F. oxysporum growth. Moderate to weak activity was found against F. solani when S. terebinthifolius EO and P. halepensis OLE were applied to wood. EO and OLE-treated wood samples at 3% produced inhibitions of 54.44% and 41.11%, respectively, against R. solani.

Effect of Ca(OH)2 and Heat Treatment on The Physico-Chemical Properties of Bovine Bone Powder; a Material Useful for Medical, Catalytic, and Environmental Applications

In this study the authors investigated the effect of alkali (Ca(OH)2) and heat treatment on the physico-chemical properties of bovine bone powder. For this purpose, raw and alkali treated samples were heated separately at temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C. A combination of characterization techniques, such as TGA, XRD, N2-adsorbtion isotherms, and EDX were used. It was found that the boiling of cleaned solid pieces of bones in 2 molar Ca(OH)2 solution results in a mass loss of about 10 % (mainly discards oily liquid). TGA analysis affirms that the hydrocarbons of bone matrix are partially extractable (~ 10 %) in the boiling alkaline solution. The color of raw and treated bone samples remained similar, that is changing from yellowish white to grayish black before turning into white over temperatures ranging from 30 °C (room temperature), 400 – 600 °C, and 800 – 1000 °C, respectively. Moreover, XRD signatures were also comparable at unified temperature ranges, however, it was noted that carbonization due to heating engenders a significant change in the intensities of the x-ray reflections. Despite of having similarities, surface area of raw and treated bones at 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C were found to be different, indicative of a chemical interactions of calcium ions with bone. Quite interestingly, TGA, XRD, and N2-adsorbtion isotherms support the argument that a limited amount of calcium ions diffuses into the vacancies or interstitial sites of bone lattice. Furthermore, EDX analysis of the samples calcined at 1000 °C confirms that the Ca(OH)2 treatment increases the total calcium content of hydroxylapatite (inorganic part of bone matrix).

Studies on Variation in Arecoline Content of Arecanuts Collected from Different Parts of Karnataka

ABSTRACT: Arecoline is a nicotinic acid-based alkaloid found in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu). It is an oily liquid that is soluble in water, alcohols, and ether. HPLC method is simple and rapid for determination of arecoline content in areca nut. Areca samples were collected from Shimoga, Davanagere, Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga, Dakshina kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka, India. The collected areca samples were powdered and arecoline is extracted from samples collected from different hoblies of the districts. The extraction method was optimized to obtain pure arecoline before analysis to separate any interference in order to maximize the specificity and sensitivity of the method. The regionwise arecoline content has been compared. The concentration of arecoline varied from area to area depending on environmental factors, differential processing methods, age of the plantations, varietal differences etc.

PHENYLPROPANOIDS, EUGENOL SCAFFOLD, AND ITS DERIVATIVES AS ANTICANCER

ABSTRACTEugenol (EU) is a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. EU is a member of the phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds. It is acolorless to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil. Further, chemopreventive agents might be used singlyor in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for the more effective treatment of cancer by enhancing the efficacy of these modalities withminimal side effects and toxicity. Considering that EU scaffold may be a prospective chemopreventive agent, its potent antitumor ability to interferewith solid cancer cell growth and its molecular mechanism were evaluated as an initiative toward the development of a novel strategy for cancertreatment. This review article will conduct that EU as the antiproliferative activity and molecular mechanism of the EU induced apoptosis against thecancer cells and animal models.Keywords: Eugenol, Derivatives of eugenol, Scaffold, Anticancer, Phenylpropanoids.

Synthesis of Furfural from Bagasse

Bagasse is a waste product from the sugar industry, which is usually used as energy source in factory at present. However, the amount of bagasse left is still high enough for more value-added product for example furfural. Bagasse is a good source of pentosan and containing about 25 to 27%. The main objective of the research was to produce furfural from bagasse. The main raw material for the production furfural was bagasse and some chemicals/ingredients were used (H2SO4, water, NaCl). Furfural is an important organic chemical, produced from agro industrial wastes and residues containing carbohydrates known as Pentosans. It is a basic chemical, which can be utilized in a variety of industries such as chemical industry, refining oil industry, food industry and agricultural industry. In its pure state, it is a colourless or yellow oily liquid with the odour of almonds, but upon exposure to air it quickly becomes yellow then brown and finally black, it is commonly known as furfuraldehyde.

A New Method for the Analysis of Bacterial Endotoxins in Ultrapure Paraffin Oil

The paper demonstrates the feasibility of the gel-clot method for the analysis of bacterial endotoxins in water extracts of ultrapure paraffin oil which is a water insoluble oily medical device. Because ultrapure paraffin oil is water insoluble oily liquid, the ultrapure paraffin oil (10 mL) was shaken with 10 mL water for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm, the endotoxin present was extracted to the aqueous phase without interference inhibition/enhancement of the product, the recovery of the endotoxin added to the ultrapure paraffin oil was determined. A validation study confirmed that endotoxins present in ultrapure paraffin oil which is water insoluble liquid medical device pass over into the aqueous phase at concentrations of 20, 10, and 5 EU/mL with recoveries of 94.2% to 111%. So the conclusion is that the gel-clot test is suitable for detecting bacterial endotoxins in ultrapure paraffin oil which is a water insoluble oily medical device.

Antimicrobial Effects of a Lipophilic Fraction and Kaurenoic Acid Isolated from the Root Bark Extracts ofAnnona senegalensis

Root bark preparation ofAnnona senegalensisPers. (Annonaceae) is used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for treatment of infectious diseases. Extraction of theA. senegalensispowdered root bark with methanol-methylene chloride (1 : 1) mixture yielded the methanol-methylene extract (MME) which was fractionated to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction (EF). The EF on further fractionation gave two active subfractions, F1 and F2. The F1 yielded a lipophilic oily liquid while F2 on purification, precipitated white crystalline compound, AS2. F1 was analyzed using GC-MS, while AS2 was characterized by proton NMR and X-ray crystallography. Antibacterial and antifungal studies were performed using agar-well-diffusion method with 0.5 McFarland standard and MICs calculated. GC-MS gave 6 major constituents: kaur-16-en-19-oic acid; 1-dodecanol; 1-naphthalenemethanol; 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol; 3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)cyclohexane-1-methanol; 3-hydroxyandrostan-17-carboxylic acid. AS2 was found to be kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. The MICs of EF, F1, and AS2 againstB. subtiliswere 180, 60, and 30 μg/mL, respectively. AS2 exhibited activity againstS. aureuswith an MIC of 150 μg/mL, while F1 was active againstP. aeruginosawith an MIC of 40 μg/mL. However, the extracts and AS2 exhibited no effects againstCandida albicansandAspergillus niger. Therefore, kaurenoic acid and the lipophilic fraction fromA. senegalensisroot bark exhibited potent antibacterial activity.