Microbial dynamics of elevated carbon flux in the open ocean’s abyss

In the open ocean, elevated carbon flux (ECF) events increase the delivery of particulate carbon from surface waters to the seafloor by severalfold compared to other times of year. Since microbes play central roles in primary production and sinking particle formation, they contribute greatly to carbon export to the deep sea. Few studies, however, have quantitatively linked ECF events with the specific microbial assemblages that drive them. Here, we identify key microbial taxa and functional traits on deep-sea sinking particles that correlate positively with ECF events. Microbes enriched on sinking particles in summer ECF events included symbiotic and free-living diazotrophic cyanobacteria, rhizosolenid diatoms, phototrophic and heterotrophic protists, and photoheterotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria. Particle-attached bacteria reaching the abyss during summer ECF events encoded metabolic pathways reflecting their surface water origins, including oxygenic and aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and proteorhodopsin-based photoheterotrophy. The abundances of some deep-sea bacteria also correlated positively with summer ECF events, suggesting rapid bathypelagic responses to elevated organic matter inputs. Biota enriched on sinking particles during a spring ECF event were distinct from those found in summer, and included rhizaria, copepods, fungi, and different bacterial taxa. At other times over our 3-y study, mid- and deep-water particle colonization, predation, degradation, and repackaging (by deep-sea bacteria, protists, and animals) appeared to shape the biotic composition of particles reaching the abyss. Our analyses reveal key microbial players and biological processes involved in particle formation, rapid export, and consumption, that may influence the ocean’s biological pump and help sustain deep-sea ecosystems.

Metagenome-Assembled Genome Sequences of Three Uncultured Planktomarina sp. Strains from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

We report three metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Planktomarina strains from coastal seawater (Portugal) to help illuminate the functions of understudied Rhodobacteraceae bacteria in marine environments. The MAGs encode proteins involved in aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis and a versatile carbohydrate metabolism, strengthening the role of Planktomarina species in oceanic carbon cycling.

Complementary energy acquisition via aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis and carbon monoxide oxidation by Planktomarina temperata of the Roseobacter group

ABSTRACT In marine pelagic ecosystems energy is often the limiting factor for growth of heterotrophic bacteria. Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAP) and oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) are modes to acquire complementary energy, but their significance in abundant and characteristic pelagic marine bacteria has not been well studied. In long-term batch culture experiments we found that Planktomarina temperata RCA23, representing the largest and most prominent subcluster of the Roseobacter group, maintains 2–3-fold higher cell numbers in the stationary and declining phase when grown in a light-dark cycle relative to dark conditions. Light enables P. temperata to continue to replicate its DNA during the stationary phase relative to a dark control such that when reinoculated into fresh medium growth resumed two days earlier than in control cultures. In cultures grown in the dark and supplemented with CO, cell numbers in the stationary phase remained significantly higher than in an unsupplemented control. Furthermore, repeated spiking with CO until day 372 resulted in significant CO consumption relative to an unsupplemented control. P. temperata represents a prominent marine pelagic bacterium for which AAP and CO consumption, to acquire complementary energy, have been documented.

Aerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Is Commonly Present within the Genus Limnohabitans

ABSTRACTThe genusLimnohabitans(Comamonadaceae,Betaproteobacteria) is a common and a highly active component of freshwater bacterioplanktonic communities. To date, the genus has been considered to contain only heterotrophic species. In this study, we detected the photosynthesis genespufLMandbchYin 28 of 46 strains from threeLimnohabitanslineages. ThepufMsequences obtained are very closely related to environmentalpufMsequences detected in various freshwater habitats, indicating the ubiquity and potential importance of photoheterotrophicLimnohabitansin nature. Additionally, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 5 potentially photoheterotrophicLimnohabitansstrains, to gain further insights into their phototrophic capacity. The structure of the photosynthesis gene cluster turned out to be highly conserved within the genusLimnohabitansand also among all potentially photosyntheticBetaproteobacteriastrains. The expression of photosynthetic complexes was detected in a culture ofLimnohabitans planktonicusII-D5Tusing spectroscopic and pigment analyses. This was further verified by a novel combination of infrared microscopy and fluorescentin situhybridization.IMPORTANCEThe data presented document that the capacity to perform anoxygenic photosynthesis is common among the members of the genusLimnohabitans, indicating that they may have a novel role in freshwater habitats.

Draft Genome Sequence of Methylocapsa palsarum NE2T, an Obligate Methanotroph from Subarctic Soil

ABSTRACT Methylocapsa palsarum NE2T is an aerobic, mildly acidophilic, obligate methanotroph. Similar to other Methylocapsa species, it possesses only a particulate methane monooxygenase and is capable of atmospheric nitrogen fixation. The genome sequence of this typical inhabitant of subarctic wetlands and soils also contains genes indicative of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis.