A Novel Remote Sensing Technology on Land Analysis Use Change Detection

Change location is helpful in numerous applications identified with land use and land cover changes, for example, moving development and scene changes, arrive corruption and desertification. Remotes sensing technology has been utilized for the location of the adjustment in land use arrive cover in upper Rib watershed. The fundamental target of this examination was to identify the land use change utilizing Remotes sensing for manageable land use arranging in Upper Rib watershed. The two satellite pictures for the year 2007 and 2018 were downloaded and utilized for recognizing the land cover changes. Most extreme probability arrangement was utilized in ERDAS Imagine device for characterizing the pictures. Ground truth focuses were gathered and utilized for check of picture arrangement. This was identified with the proceeded with extension of developed and settlement over years in River watershed. The information about the adjustment in land use is so fundamental for the organization and land use arranging exercises in upper Rib watershed. This is so for, the expansion and profitability of Rib repository by decreasing the upland disintegration through powerful land use arranging and soil preservation rehearses. Consequently, this examination uncovered that there is an expansion of horticultural land which needs due consideration towards soil protection for the improvement of the helpful existence of the supply.

Simple scaling of extreme precipitation in North America

Extreme precipitation is highly variable in space and time. It is therefore important to characterize precipitation intensity distributions on several temporal and spatial scales. This is a key issue in infrastructure design and risk analysis, for which intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are the standard tools used for describing the relationships among extreme rainfall intensities, their frequencies, and their durations. Simple scaling (SS) models, characterizing the relationships among extreme probability distributions at several durations, represent a powerful means for improving IDF estimates. This study tested SS models for approximately 2700 stations in North America. Annual maximum series (AMS) over various duration intervals from 15 min to 7 days were considered. The range of validity, magnitude, and spatial variability of the estimated scaling exponents were investigated. Results provide additional guidance for the influence of both local geographical characteristics, such as topography, and regional climatic features on precipitation scaling. Generalized extreme-value (GEV) distributions based on SS models were also examined. Results demonstrate an improvement of GEV parameter estimates, especially for the shape parameter, when data from different durations were pooled under the SS hypothesis.

Simple Scaling of extreme precipitation in North America

Extreme precipitation is highly variable in space and time. It is therefore important to characterize precipitation intensity distributions at several temporal and spatial scales. This is a key issue in infrastructure design and risk analysis, for which Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are the standard tools used for describing the relationships among extreme rainfall intensities, their frequencies, and their durations. Simple Scaling (SS) models, characterizing the relationships among extreme probability distributions at several durations, represent a powerful means for improving IDF estimates. This study tested SS models for approximately 2700 stations in North America. Annual Maxima Series (AMS) over various duration intervals from 15 h to 7 days were considered. The range of validity, magnitude, and spatial variability of the estimated scaling exponents were investigated. Results provide additional guidance for the influence of both local geographical characteristics, such as topography, and regional climatic features on precipitation scaling. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions based on SS models were also examined. Results demonstrate an improvement of GEV parameter estimates, especially for the shape parameter, when data from different durations were pooled under the SS hypothesis.

Study on the dynamic relation between spring discharge and precipitation in Fusong County, Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province of China

Mineral water is the main source of drinking water and is a dominant component of local economic development in Fusong County, Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province of China. Precipitation is the main recharge factor for mineral water in Fusong County; therefore, it is necessary to determine whether precipitation can effectively guarantee the supply of mineral water resources. In this study, precipitation data from the Donggang hydrological station in Fusong County were collected and analyzed to determine annual changes in characteristics and extreme probability. The results show that precipitation is stable and that the probability of extreme precipitation is small. Precipitation and mineral spring discharge in the Mingshui, Baixi, No. 2 Jinjiang, and Laoling springs were then collected and analyzed for separate periods by using a continuous wavelet method. The results show that the main oscillation period of both precipitation and spring discharge is approximately 11 months. Finally, the cross-wavelet method is conducted to analyze the period relationships between spring discharge and precipitation. The results show that both precipitation and spring discharge share the same phase, which indicates spring discharge has an immediate reaction to precipitation changes.

THE SMELL OF SOPHOKLES'SALMONEUS: TECHNOLOGY, SCATOLOGY, METATHEATRE

Virtually nothing is known for certain about Sophokles' satyr playSalmoneus. However, a number of extremely probable deductions may be made on the basis of the few surviving fragments and the mythographic testimony about its eponymous villain (the iconographical record is totally unhelpful, or almost so). This article adds some further suggestions about the implications of the three most substantial fragments, which, if they do not quite share that level of extreme probability, it is hoped have a high degree at least of plausibility, and some significance for (meta-)dramatic and thematic aspects of the play as a whole. I shall argue that a reference to the malodorous quality of the thunderbolt draws attention to the gross physicality of the thunder-machine orbronteion(βροντεῖον) which Salmoneus has invented and constructed out of ox-hides. This has both a metatheatrical dimension, since thebronteionwas probably part of the stage-machinery of 5th-century drama, and a thematic one, since it emphasises the low, corporeal nature of Salmoneus' thunder in contrast to the sublime weapon of Zeus which it imperfectly mimics. The established parallelism between thunder and farting adds another level to the debasing of Salmoneus’ invention and concomitant deflation of his pretensions. Finally, I shall suggest that another fragment relating to the sympotic game ofkottabosmay have drawn a similarly deflating parallel between the hurling of the wine-lees and that of the tyrant's ersatz thunderbolts.

Modelling the impacts of climate change on upland catchments in southwest Scotland using MIKE SHE and the UKCP09 probabilistic projections

Hydrological models of three upland sub-catchments of Loch Dee, southwest Scotland, are calibrated and validated against observed discharge. Perturbed precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) are generated from UKCIP09 projections for Low, Medium and High emissions scenarios for the 2050s and 2080s for probability levels between 10 and 90%. Annual and monthly PET increases for all scenarios. Central estimates of increases in annual PET are up to 10.7 (2050s) and 15.8% (2080s). Precipitation becomes more seasonal, increasing in winter and decreasing in summer for all but the extreme probability levels. Annual precipitation declines for the lowest (up to 30%) probability levels and increases thereafter (up to 5.8% for the 2050s and 10.3% for the 2080s at the 50% level). Changes in discharge are driven by those for precipitation. Although there is uncertainty in changes in annual discharge, most scenarios increase winter discharges (2050s: up to 24.2%; 2080s: up to 50.9% at the 50% level) and reduce summer flows (2050s: up to 34.2%, 2080s: up to 48.7% at the 50% level). Potential impacts include enhanced winter flooding and lower summer reservoir levels with implications for hydropower. Greater seasonality in discharge may impact fisheries and ongoing recovery from surface water acidification.

Plug-in estimation of d-dimensional density minimum volume set of a rare event in a complex system

Various reliability or hedging problems boil down to quantile estimation. However, real-life systems are usually multidimensional and thus often imply multidimensional density minimum volume set estimation which is usually done with Monte Carlo simulations. Increasing safety standards create a need for density minimum volume set estimation with low probability that crude Monte Carlo cannot fulfil. This paper proposes a new importance sampling algorithm that estimates efficiently multidimensional density minimum volume sets for extreme probability. It also presents some numerical results on a simple bidimensional Gaussian case and on a realistic launcher impact safety zone estimation.

Probabilistic coastal vulnerability assessment to storms at regional scale – application to Catalan beaches (NW Mediterranean)

A methodology to assess storm-induced coastal vulnerability taking into account the different induced processes separately (inundation and erosion) is presented. It is based on a probabilistic approach where hazards time series are built from existing storm data and later used to fit an extreme probability function. This is done for different sectors along the coast defined in terms of the wave climate and for representative beach types of the area to be analyzed. Once probability distributions are available, coastal managers must decide the probability of occurrence to be accepted as well as the period of concern of the analysis in function of the importance of the hinterland. These two variables will determine the return period to be considered in the assessment. The comparison of hazards and vulnerabilities associated with the selected probability of occurrence permit to identify the most hazardous areas along the coast in a robust manner by including the spatial variability in forcing (storm climate) and receptor (beaches). The methodology has been applied to a 50 km long coastal stretch of the Catalonia (NW Mediterranean) where offshore wave conditions can be assumed to be homogeneous. In spite of this spatially constant wave field, obtained results indicate a large variability in hazards intensity and vulnerability along the coast.