ANALISIS RESPON TANTANGAN YANG DIHADAPI PENGAJAR TERHADAP E-LEARNING DI POLITEKNIK PELAYARAN SORONG

This Research Focused On The Findings Of The Questions On The Problem Research, Namely "What Are The Challenges Faced By The Teacher Toward E-Learning?". This Research Used The Social Constructivism Pattern Model (The Social Constructivism Paradigm) As A Qualitative Research Framework To Interpret The Issues Related To This Research (Crotty, 1998). Then, The Researcher Used The Question-List Model (Questionnaire) As A Tool For Data Collection, As Suggested By Sugiyono (2010). Therefore, Data Analysis That Used In This Study Is By Reducing Data (Data Reduction), Displaying Data (Data Display), And Concluding, As Suggested By Miles & Huberman (1994). Therefore, Researchers Provided Several Solutions To Overcome The Difficulties Faced By Teachers As Challenges To E-Learning In The Discussion And Conclusions Of This Research.

Modelling lockdown-induced 2nd COVID waves in France

As with the Spanish Flu a century ago, authorities have responded to the current COVID-19 pandemic with extraordinary public health measures. In particular, lockdown and related social distancing policies are motivated in some countries by the need to slow virus propagation—so that the primary wave of patients suffering from severe forms of COVID infection do not exceed the capacity of intensive care units. But unlocking poses a critical issue because relaxing social distancing may, in principle, generate secondary waves. Ironically however, the dynamic repertoire of established epidemiological models that support this kind of reasoning is limited to single epidemic outbreaks. In turn, predictions regarding secondary waves are tautologically derived from imposing assumptions about changes in the so-called “effective reproduction number”. In this work, we depart from this approach and extend the LIST (Location-Infection-Symptom-Testing) model of the COVID pandemic with realistic nonlinear feedback mechanisms that under certain conditions, cause lockdown-induced secondary outbreaks. The original LIST model captures adaptive social distancing, i.e. the transient reduction of the number of person-to-person contacts (and hence the rate of virus transmission), as a societal response to salient public health risks. Here, we consider the possibility that such pruning of socio-geographical networks may also temporarily isolate subsets of local populations from the virus. Crucially however, such unreachable people will become susceptible again when adaptive social distancing relaxes and the density of contacts within socio-geographical networks increases again. Taken together, adaptive social distancing and network unreachability thus close a nonlinear feedback loop that endows the LIST model with a mechanism that can generate autonomous (lockdown-induced) secondary waves. However, whether and how secondary waves arise depend upon the interaction with other nonlinear mechanisms that capture other forms of transmission heterogeneity. We apply the ensuing LIST model to numerical simulations and exhaustive analyses of regional French epidemiological data. In brief, we find evidence for this kind of nonlinear feedback mechanism in the empirical dynamics of the pandemic in France. However, rather than generating catastrophic secondary outbreaks (as is typically assumed), the model predicts that the impact of lockdown-induced variations in population susceptibility and transmission may eventually reduce to a steady-state endemic equilibrium with a low but stable infection rate.

Value and a Good Life

This chapter develops a Nietzschean picture of a good life. It distinguishes two organizing goods: flourishing and excellence. The first part focuses on flourishing. Flourishing is relationally and prudentially valuable: good for the person whose flourishing it is. The account emphasizes a range of psychological and activity-oriented conditions (self-understanding, self-mastery, autonomy, effective self-expressing agency) the meeting of which might be necessary and (subject to certain provisos) sufficient for flourishing to some degree, though how fully someone flourishes can also depend on the value (excellence) of the goals she realizes. This yields a ‘substantive good’ or ‘objective list’ model of a good or flourishing life. Nonetheless, the ingredients listed are multiply realizable, which allows for significant variation in how different people flourish; in particular, a person’s flourishing depends on a range of subjective conditions relating to (inter alia) her motives. The latter part of the chapter turns to excellence. Excellence is uncodifiable and impersonally valuable. Someone who excels typically thereby flourishes.

Using the LIST model to Estimate the Effects of Contact Tracing on COVID-19 Endemic Equilibria in England and its Regions

Governments across Europe are preparing for the emergence from lockdown, in phases, to prevent a resurgence in cases of COVID-19. Along with social distancing (SD) measures, contact tracing – find, track, trace and isolate (FTTI) policies are also being implemented. Here, we investigate FTTI policies in terms of their impact on the endemic equilibrium. We used a generative model – the dynamic causal ‘Location’, ‘Infection’, ‘Symptom’ and ‘Testing’ (LIST) model to identify testing, tracing, and quarantine requirements. We optimised LIST model parameters based on time series of daily reported cases and deaths of COVID-19 in England— and based upon reported cases in the nine regions of England and in all 150 upper tier local authorities. Using these optimised parameters, we forecasted infection rates and the impact of FTTI for each area—national, regional, and local. Predicting data from early June 2020, we find that under conditions of medium-term immunity, a ‘40%’ FTTI policy (or greater), could reach a distinct endemic equilibrium that produces a significantly lower death rate and a decrease in ICU occupancy. Considering regions of England in isolation, some regions could substantially reduce death rates with 20% efficacy. We characterise the accompanying endemic equilibria in terms of dynamical stability, observing bifurcation patterns whereby relatively small increases in FTTI efficacy result in stable states with reduced overall morbidity and mortality. These analyses suggest that FTTI will not only save lives, even if only partially effective, and could underwrite the stability of any endemic steady-state we manage to attain.

Reforms of Local Finance and Taxation in Hungary. Milestones and Junctions Since 1990

The cur­rent sys­tem of Hun­garian local fin­ance and tax­a­tion has evolved through con­sec­ut­ive changes since 1990. Among the many amend­ments to the un­der­ly­ing law, a couple of mile­stones and junc­tions should be poin­ted out. The sig­na­ture of the European Charter of Local-Self Gov­ern­ment in 1994 had sym­bolic im­port­ance. The com­pre­hens­ive re­form after 2010 was the biggest mile­stone without a doubt, be­cause a new con­sti­tu­tion and a new act on local gov­ern­ments were ad­op­ted by Par­lia­ment. Fur­ther­more, it was also de­cis­ive that the cent­ral gov­ern­ment bailed out local gov­ern­ments. Three dif­fer­ent mod­els of con­fin­ing local bor­row­ing have been ap­plied so far. The mar­ket-re­li­ance model was re­placed by pass­ive con­trol in 1996. Act­ive con­trol came into force in 2012. A closed-list ap­proach of local tax­a­tion was ap­plied until 2015, when the open/-list model was in­tro­duced. Even though re­forms have been put in place, local busi­ness tax still pre­vails in the Hun­garian sys­tem of local tax­a­tion, as roughly 80 per cent of all local tax rev­en­ues come from this fiscal levy. Counties were as­signed power to im­pose local taxes in 2020 as a res­ult of the coronavirus le­gis­la­tion. Be­fore this re­form only local gov­ern­ments had been au­thor­ised by law to im­pose local taxes.

ExoMol molecular line lists XXXVI: X 2Π – X 2Π and A 2Σ+ – X 2Π transitions of SH

ABSTRACT The GYT line list covering rotational, rovibrational, and rovibronic transitions of the mercapto radical SH is presented. This work extends and replaces the SNaSH line list, which covers the ground (electronic) X 2Π state only. This extension is prompted by the tentative identification of the ultraviolet features of SH as being of importance in the transmission spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter exoplanet WASP-121b. This GYT line list model is generated by fitting empirical potential energy, spin–orbit, and electronic angular momenta functions to experimentally measured wavelengths within the X 2Π and A 2Σ+ states and to the A 2Σ+–X 2Π band system using ab initio curves as a starting reference point. The fits are compatible with the quoted uncertainty of the experimental data used of ∼0.03–0.3 cm−1. The GYT line list covers wavelengths longer than 0.256 $\mu$m and includes 7686 rovibronic states and 572 145 transitions for 32SH. Line lists for the 33SH, 34SH, 36SH, and 32SD isotopologues are generated including a consideration of non-Born–Oppenheimer effects for SD. The line lists are available from the CDS (http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr) and ExoMol (www.exomol.com) data bases.