Cellular intelligence: dynamic specialization through non-equilibrium multi-scale compartmentalization

Intelligence is usually associated with the ability to perceive, retain and use information to adapt to changes in one's environment. In this context, systems of living cells can be thought of as intelligent entities. Here, we show that the concepts of non-equilibrium tuning and compartmentalization are sufficient to model manifestations of cellular intelligence such as specialization, division, fusion and communication using the language of operads. We implement our framework as an unsupervised learning algorithm, IntCyt, which we show is able to memorize, organize and abstract reference machine-learning datasets through generative and self-supervised tasks. Overall, our learning framework captures emergent properties programmed in living systems, and provides a powerful new approach for data mining. to memorize, organize and abstract reference machine-learning datasets through generative and self-supervised tasks. Overall, our learning framework captures emergent properties programmed in living systems, and provides a powerful new approach for data mining.

The need for reference machines when energy labelling electric household appliances that are tested to international standards

There are over 80 countries in the world that currently use some kind of energy label for electric household appliances. In Europe, as an example, a lot of appliances are obliged to have an energy label when shown for sale, including online. Energy labels give relevant information to the consumers to help them make an environmentally beneficial choice when buying a new appliance. However, the desire for an energy efficient appliance does not outweigh the wish for good performance. Therefore, some energy labels provide information about the performance of the appliance based on international performance measurement standards (hereafter: “international standards”). Indeed, within the one appliance, increased performance can often mean increased energy consumption, so a balance between these parameters needs to be made by product designers and users. Unlike measurements that are traceable to Systeme Internationale units through metrological traceability chains, there is no natural reference data for performance measurements. Therefore, some international standards use a reference machine to relate their testing results to. The comparison of test and reference machine eliminates variances, for example, due to the auxiliary materials used and the influence of manual preparation or assessment methods. Three international standards that are currently using reference machines are examined closely in this paper. It is assessed how the reference machines and their testing results are treated, whether the reference machines are comparable with their corresponding test machines and if the use of a reference machine can be considered beneficial for the testing procedure. Additionally, three key questions are developed that will indicate whether 13 other international standards for electric household appliances could also benefit from using a reference machine. The paper concludes with six recommendations for standardisation groups and energy policymakers that will help with deciding whether a reference machine should be implemented.

Simple FFH pilot experiment model based on DTT-like machine

The global need for energy in the world is constantly increasing. Critical fission reactors have proved great efficiency in the energy production, but the fear of nuclear wastes and accidents due to an uncontrolled chain reaction makes these unpleasant to public. More safe fusion reactors, on the opposite, have low efficiency. Hybrid reactors capable of using the advantages of both are studied, but not yet developed. In this paper, a simple fusion–fission pilot experiment model has been developed. A Tokamak with the same characteristics of DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test facility) has been considered as a reference machine for the fusion component. The fusion system has been coupled with a relatively simple low-power fission blanket configured into three different modes by using different fuels and materials. This model could be useful in order to investigate the properties of the fusion–fission hybrid coupling from a neutronic point of view.

DETERMINING VIBROACOUS AND PART PROCESSING QUALITY ON AUTOMATED GRINDERS

В данной статье рассматриваются результаты испытаний внутришлифовальных станков SIW-4, для получения представления об уровне технологической надежности станков. Далее сформулированы рекомендации по ремонтно-профилактическим работам в случае его снижения, при испытаниях станков одной модели можно определить эталонный станок по качеству обработки и динамическому качеству, а затем наметить и реализовать в рамках системы мониторинга техно - логического процесса (СМТП) план мероприятий по повышению динамического качества станков до уровня эталонного. This article discusses the results of tests of SIW-4 internal grinding machines, to get an idea of the level of technological reliability of the machines. Further, recommendations are formulated for repair and maintenance work in the event of its reduction, when testing machines of one model, you can determine the reference machine for processing quality and dynamic quality, and then plan and implement an action plan to improve the dynamic quality of machines to the standard level within the framework of the process monitoring system (SMTP).

Fuel Efficiency Analysis of Selected Hydraulic Hybrids in a Wheel Loader Application

There is a potential for significant improvement on fuel efficiency of many mobile machines by using hybrid technology as the Diesel engines are often driven at very inefficient operating points in these applications. The load generated by the working hydraulics of a mobile machine is often rapidly changing and contains high peak powers compared to the mean power required. This paper studies three different hydraulic hybrids in a wheel loader application. The study is based on a measured sand-loading Y-cycle. In addition to the hybrid systems, a load sensing proportional valve based reference machine and a modified machine based on independent metering valves are analyzed. All five system alternatives are analyzed systematically to enable a comparison of their fuel efficiency. The study shows that the fuel consumption of the machine can be decreased up to 28 % in such load cycle by using a suitable hydraulic hybrid system.

Towards General Evaluation of Intelligent Systems: Lessons Learned from Reproducing AIQ Test Results

This paper attempts to replicate the results of evaluating several artificial agents using the Algorithmic Intelligence Quotient test originally reported by Legg and Veness. Three experiments were conducted: One using default settings, one in which the action space was varied and one in which the observation space was varied. While the performance of freq, Q0, Qλ, and HLQλ corresponded well with the original results, the resulting values differed, when using MC-AIXI. Varying the observation space seems to have no qualitative impact on the results as reported, while (contrary to the original results) varying the action space seems to have some impact. An analysis of the impact of modifying parameters of MC-AIXI on its performance in the default settings was carried out with the help of data mining techniques used to identifying highly performing configurations. Overall, the Algorithmic Intelligence Quotient test seems to be reliable, however as a general artificial intelligence evaluation method it has several limits. The test is dependent on the chosen reference machine and also sensitive to changes to its settings. It brings out some differences among agents, however, since they are limited in size, the test setting may not yet be sufficiently complex. A demanding parameter sweep is needed to thoroughly evaluate configurable agents that, together with the test format, further highlights computational requirements of an agent. These and other issues are discussed in the paper along with proposals suggesting how to alleviate them. An implementation of some of the proposals is also demonstrated.

Measurement of Liver Iron Concentration by MRI Is Reproducible

Purpose. The objectives were (i) construction of a phantom to reproduce the behavior of iron overload in the liver by MRI and (ii) assessment of the variability of a previously validated method to quantify liver iron concentration between different MRI devices using the phantom and patients.Materials and Methods. A phantom reproducing the liver/muscle ratios of two patients with intermediate and high iron overload. Nine patients with different levels of iron overload were studied in 4 multivendor devices and 8 of them were studied twice in the machine where the model was developed. The phantom was analysed in the same equipment and 14 times in the reference machine.Results. FeCl3solutions containing 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, and 1.2 mg Fe/mL were chosen to generate the phantom. The average of the intramachine variability for patients was 10% and for the intermachines 8%. For the phantom the intramachine coefficient of variation was always below 0.1 and the average of intermachine variability was 10% for moderate and 5% for high iron overload.Conclusion. The phantom reproduces the behavior of patients with moderate or high iron overload. The proposed method of calculating liver iron concentration is reproducible in several different 1.5 T systems.

Comparison of the GEM and the ECAL indirect calorimeters against the Deltatrac for measures of RMR and diet-induced thermogenesis

The Deltatrac™ II Metabolic Monitor (Datex-Ohmeda Inc.) is considered the standard reference machine in indirect calorimetry; however, it is no longer commercially available thus there is a need for new machines. The gas exchange measurement (GEM; GEM Nutrition Ltd) and the ECAL (Health Professional Solutions) are alternative measuring systems. The aim of this study was to compare the ECAL and GEM with Deltatrac for measures of RMR and the GEM to the Deltatrac for measures of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Twenty healthy participants were tested on test day 1 (T1) and test day 2 (T2). RMR was measured in a randomised order for 30 min on the Deltatrac, the GEM and the ECAL. Following this, a 1553 kJ meal was consumed and DIT was measured on the Deltatrac and the GEM in alternating 15 min intervals for 4 h. The GEM reported consistently higher values than the Deltatrac for VO2, VCO2, RMR and fat oxidation (P < 0·005). The ECAL was significantly higher than the Deltatrac for measures of VO2, RMR, carbohydrate oxidation (T2) and respiratory quotient and fat oxidation (T1, T2) (P < 0·05). There were no significant differences within repeated RMR measures on the ECAL, the GEM or the Deltatrac. DIT measures were consistently higher on the GEM (T1) (P < 0·005); however, there were no significant differences between repeated measures. The findings suggest that while the GEM and the ECAL were not accurate alternatives to the Deltatrac, they may be reliable for repeated measures.