Comparison of the GEM and the ECAL indirect calorimeters against the Deltatrac for measures of RMR and diet-induced thermogenesis

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2014.58 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Kennedy ◽

L. Ryan ◽

A. Fraser ◽

M. E. Clegg

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Health Professional ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Measuring Systems ◽

Exchange Measurement ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽

Healthy Participants ◽

Reference Machine

AbstractThe Deltatrac™ II Metabolic Monitor (Datex-Ohmeda Inc.) is considered the standard reference machine in indirect calorimetry; however, it is no longer commercially available thus there is a need for new machines. The gas exchange measurement (GEM; GEM Nutrition Ltd) and the ECAL (Health Professional Solutions) are alternative measuring systems. The aim of this study was to compare the ECAL and GEM with Deltatrac for measures of RMR and the GEM to the Deltatrac for measures of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Twenty healthy participants were tested on test day 1 (T1) and test day 2 (T2). RMR was measured in a randomised order for 30 min on the Deltatrac, the GEM and the ECAL. Following this, a 1553 kJ meal was consumed and DIT was measured on the Deltatrac and the GEM in alternating 15 min intervals for 4 h. The GEM reported consistently higher values than the Deltatrac for VO2, VCO2, RMR and fat oxidation (P < 0·005). The ECAL was significantly higher than the Deltatrac for measures of VO2, RMR, carbohydrate oxidation (T2) and respiratory quotient and fat oxidation (T1, T2) (P < 0·05). There were no significant differences within repeated RMR measures on the ECAL, the GEM or the Deltatrac. DIT measures were consistently higher on the GEM (T1) (P < 0·005); however, there were no significant differences between repeated measures. The findings suggest that while the GEM and the ECAL were not accurate alternatives to the Deltatrac, they may be reliable for repeated measures.

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Diet-induced thermogenesis: fake friend or foe?

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-18-0240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 238 (3) ◽

pp. R185-R191 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ken K Y Ho

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Heat Energy ◽

Parallel Increase ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Total Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

The Face ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽

Energy Dissipated

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is energy dissipated as heat after a meal, contributing 5–15% to total daily energy expenditure (EE). There has been a long interest in the intriguing possibility that a defect in DIT predisposes to obesity. However, the evidence is conflicting; DIT is usually quantified by indirect calorimetry, which does not measure heat. Using gas exchange, indirect calorimetry measures total post-prandial EE, which comprises heat energy produced from brown adipose tissue (BAT) and energy required for processing and storing nutrients. We questioned whether DIT is reliably quantified by indirect calorimetry by employing infrared thermography to independently assess thermogenesis. Thermogenic activity of BAT was stimulated by cold and by a meal that induced a parallel increase in energy production. These stimulatory effects on BAT thermogenesis were inhibited by glucocorticoids. However, glucocorticoids enhanced postprandial EE in the face of reduced BAT thermogenesis and stimulated lipid synthesis. The increase in EE correlated significantly with the increase in lipogenesis. As energy cannot be destroyed (first law of thermodynamics), the energy that would have been dissipated as heat after a meal is channeled into storage. Post-prandial EE is the sum of heat energy that is lost (true DIT) and chemical energy that is stored. Indirect calorimetry does not reliably quantify DIT. When estimated by indirect calorimetry, assumed DIT can be a friend or foe of energy balance. That gas exchange-derived DIT reflects solely energy dissipation as heat is a false assumption likely to explain the conflicting results on the role of DIT in obesity.

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Using reactive hyperemia to investigate the effect of cupping sizes of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-200120 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Xiangfeng He ◽

Xueyan Zhang ◽

Fuyuan Liao ◽

Li He ◽

Xin Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Reactive Hyperemia ◽

Cupping Therapy ◽

Doppler Flowmetry ◽

Healthy Participants ◽

Hyperemic Response

BACKGROUND: Various cupping sizes of cupping therapy have been used in managing musculoskeletal conditions; however, the effect of cupping sizes on skin blood flow (SBF) responses is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three cupping sizes of cupping therapy on SBF responses. METHODS: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure SBF on the triceps in 12 healthy participants in this repeated measures study. Three cup sizes (35, 40 and 45 mm in diameter) were blinded to the participants and were tested at -300 mmHg for 5 minutes. Reactive hyperemic response to cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of baseline SBF. RESULTS: All three sizes of cupping cups resulted in a significant increase in peak SBF (p< 0.001). Peak SBF of the 45 mm cup (9.41 ± 1.32 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup (5.62 ± 1.42 times, p< 0.05). Total SBF of the 45 mm cup ((24.33 ± 8.72) × 103 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup ((8.05 ± 1.63) × 103 times, p< 0.05). Recovery time of the 45 mm cup (287.46 ± 39.54 seconds) was significantly longer than the 35 mm cup (180.12 ± 1.42 seconds, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that all three cup sizes can significantly increase SBF. The 45 mm cup is more effective in increasing SBF compared to the 35 mm cup.

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Measurement of Gas Exchange on Excised Grapevine Leaves Does Not Differ from In Situ Leaves, and Potentially Shortens Sampling Time

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3644

Author(s):

Suraj Kar ◽

Thayne Montague ◽

Antonio Villanueva-Morales ◽

Edward Hellman

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Time Window ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Abiotic Stress Response ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Minute Post ◽

Exchange Measurement ◽

Similar Accuracy

Use of leaf gas exchange measurement enhances the characterization of growth, yield, physiology, and abiotic stress response in grapevines. Accuracy of a crop response model depends upon sample size, which is often limited due to the prolonged time needed to complete gas exchange measurement using currently available infra-red gas analyzer systems. In this experiment, we measured mid-day gas exchange of excised and in situ leaves from field grown wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars. Depending upon cultivar, we found measuring gas exchange on excised leaves under a limited time window post excision gives similar accuracy in measurement of gas exchange parameters as in situ leaves. A measurement within a minute post leaf excision can give between 96.4 and 99.5% accuracy compared to pre-excision values. When compared to previous field data, we found the leaf excision technique reduced time between consecutive gas exchange measurements by about a third compared to in situ leaves (57.52 ± 0.39 s and 86.96 ± 0.41 s, for excised and in situ, respectively). Therefore, leaf excision may allow a 50% increase in experimental sampling size. This technique could solve the challenge of insufficient sample numbers, often reported by researchers worldwide while studying grapevine leaf gas exchange using portable gas exchange systems under field conditions.

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Effects of Vaporized Perfluorocarbon on Pulmonary Blood Flow and Ventilation/Perfusion Distribution in a Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200112000-00021 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 95 (6) ◽

pp. 1414-1421 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Matthias Hübler ◽

Jennifer E. Souders ◽

Erin D. Shade ◽

Nayak L. Polissar ◽

Carmel Schimmel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Lung Injury ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Inert Gas ◽

Low Flow ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis

Background Perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids are known to improve gas exchange and pulmonary function in various models of acute respiratory failure. Vaporization has been recently reported as a new method of delivering PFC to the lung. Our aim was to study the effect of PFC vapor on the ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) matching and relative pulmonary blood flow (Qrel) distribution. Methods In nine sheep, lung injury was induced using oleic acid. Four sheep were treated with vaporized perfluorohexane (PFX) for 30 min, whereas the remaining sheep served as control animals. Vaporization was achieved using a modified isoflurane vaporizer. The animals were studied for 90 min after vaporization. VA/Q distributions were estimated using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Change in Qrel distribution was assessed using fluorescent-labeled microspheres. Results Treatment with PFX vapor improved oxygenation significantly and led to significantly lower shunt values (P < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of covariance). Analysis of the multiple inert gas elimination technique data showed that animals treated with PFX vapor demonstrated a higher VA/Q heterogeneity than the control animals (P < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of covariance). Microsphere data showed a redistribution of Qrel attributable to oleic acid injury. Qrel shifted from areas that were initially high-flow to areas that were initially low-flow, with no difference in redistribution between the groups. After established injury, Qrel was redistributed to the nondependent lung areas in control animals, whereas Qrel distribution did not change in treatment animals. Conclusion In oleic acid lung injury, treatment with PFX vapor improves gas exchange by increasing VA/Q heterogeneity in the whole lung without a significant change in gravitational gradient.

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Comparison of indirect calorimetry and a new breath 13C/12C ratio method during strenuous exercise

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.1.e64 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 263 (1) ◽

pp. E64-E71 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. A. Romijn ◽

E. F. Coyle ◽

J. Hibbert ◽

R. R. Wolfe

Keyword(s):

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Ratio Method ◽

O2 Uptake ◽

Underlying Assumption ◽

Oxidation Rates

A new stable isotope method for the determination of substrate oxidation rates in vivo is described and compared with indirect calorimetry at rest and during high-intensity exercise (30 min at 80-85% maximal O2 uptake capacity) in six well-trained cyclists. This method uses the absolute ratios of 13C/12C in expired air, endogenous glucose, fat, and protein in addition to O2 consumption and is independent of CO2 production (VCO2). Carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates at rest, calculated by both methods, were not significantly different. During exercise the breath 13C/12C ratio increased and reached a steady state after 15-20 min. Carbohydrate oxidation rates during exercise were 39.4 +/- 5.2 and 41.7 +/- 5.7 mg.kg-1.min-1 [not significant (NS)], and fat oxidation rates were 7.3 +/- 1.3 and 6.9 +/- 1.2 mg.kg-1.min-1 (NS), using indirect calorimetry, and the breath ratio method, respectively. We conclude that the breath 13C/12C ratio method can be used to calculate substrate oxidation under different conditions, such as the basal state and exercise. In addition, the results obtained by this new method support the validity of the underlying assumption that indirect calorimetry regards VCO2 as a reflection of tissue CO2 production, during exercise in trained subjects, even up to 80-85% maximal O2 uptake.

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Impact of CVVHD on pulmonary gas exchange measurement

Critical Care ◽

10.1186/cc66 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. P069 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V Srámek ◽

R Rokyta ◽

I Novák ◽

M Matejovic ◽

J Ruzicka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽

Exchange Measurement

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A gas exchange measurement system and its application to rice and cassava leaves.

Japanese Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.1626/jcs.53.472 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 472-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akio KANDA ◽

Katsu IMAI ◽

Takashi MORIYA ◽

Shigeru HANDA ◽

Teijiro TERAJIMA

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Measurement System ◽

Cassava Leaves ◽

Exchange Measurement

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Development of Gas-Exchange Measurement System for Micropropagated Plantlets Using 13CO2.

Journal of Agricultural Meteorology ◽

10.2480/agrmet.55.41 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 41-45

Author(s):

Nancy K. OKAMURA ◽

Eiji GOTO ◽

Tadashi TAKAKURA ◽

Kenji KURATA

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Measurement System ◽

Exchange Measurement

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The acute effects of olive oil v. cream on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20031047 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 245-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

M. J. Soares ◽

S. J. Cummings ◽

J. C. L. Mamo ◽

M. Kenrick ◽

L. S. Piers

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Paired Comparison ◽

Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Oxidation Rates ◽

Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽

Postprandial Thermogenesis

The influence of the source of dietary fat on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates, was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57–73 years, with BMI 21·9–38·3 kg/m2. A single blind, randomised, paired comparison of two high-fat, isoenergetic, mixed test meals was conducted. The major source of fat was either cream (CREAM) or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). RMR, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no differences in body weight, RMR, fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions. DIT (EVOO 97 (sd 46) v. CREAM 76 (sd 69) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5·2 (sd 2·5) v. CREAM 4·1 (sd 3·7)% energy) did not differ between the two test meals. The postprandial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates, relative to their respective fasting values (ΔCOX), was significantly lower following the EVOO meal (EVOO 10·6 (sd 8·3) v. CREAM 17·5 (sd 10) g/5 h; paired t test, P=0·023), while postprandial fat oxidation rates (ΔFOX) were significantly higher (EVOO 0·0 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM -3·6 (sd 4·0) g/5 h; P=0·028). In the eight obese subjects, however, DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal (EVOO 5·1 (sd 2·0) v. CREAM 2·5 (sd 2·9) %; P=0·01). This was accompanied by a significantly lower ΔCOX (EVOO 10·9 (sd 9·9) v. CREAM 17·3 (sd 10·5) g/5 h; P=0·03) and significantly higher ΔFOX (EVOO 0·11 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM −4·1 (sd 4·5) g/5 h, P=0·034). The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postprandial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women.

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