Rosyjskie czynniki rządowe wobec reformy szkolnej Aleksandra Wielopolskiego w świetle petersburskiego rękopisu ekspertyzy prawnej zatytułowanej Uwagi nad projektem stworzenia instytucji naukowych w Królestwie Polskim opublikowanym w polskiej gazecie »Dziennik Powszechny«

A bill concerning public education together with an accompanying explanatory statement were created between June and October 1861. The aforementioned bill and justification were created under the direction of count Alexander Wielopolski, marquis Gonzaga-Myszkowski, the Presiding Chief Director in the Governmental Committee of Faith and Public Enlightenment of the Kingdom of Poland. Both of these documents were published on the pages of a newspaper entitled “Public Daily” (Polish Dziennik Powszechny) in Warsaw. The Russian authorities in Saint Petersburg ordered a legal opinion to be drawn up in November-December of 1861. Its contents were used to analyze the proposed education reform in the Kingdom of Poland.

Die noodsaak van kulturele interaksie in Apologetiek: Handelinge 17:16-32 as motivering

The need of cultural interaction in Apologetics: Acts 17:16–32 as explanatory statement. Acceptance of a secular-versus-holy dualism holds Christianity in a cultural prison and has the effect that the Christian faith becomes a compartmentalised entity, which oddly fits in a secular context, because it does not have an impact outside the church building. To be culturally effective in its communication, apologetics should make use of images and expressions that is known by the people it aims to reach. Interacting with their worldviews in a narrative form is also much more subtle than the use of an argumentative style of reasoning that emphasise differences.Arts have a particular ability to shape and analyse culture. Films can help Christian apologists to understand culture as well as to be in a better position to engage meaningfully with the world. In a similar way to which Paul made use of pagan insights and narratives in Acts 17, the themes of contemporary movies can be used by apologists. Paul’s strategy was not the syncretistic reconciliation of two incompatible worldviews, but subversion through giving Greek ideas new meaning by placing them in a monotheistic context. When apologetics makes use of stories saturated with Christian themes, it can address secular imagination with an understanding of God and the world which they would not otherwise have considered.

La reforma de las entidades territoriales: ¿por qué?

<p align="justify">La ley de 16 de diciembre de 2010, según la exposición de motivos se trataba de la “segunda etapa de la modernización de las estructuras territoriales de Francia”, después de la reforma del “Estado territorial” emprendida en el 2007 en el marco de la Revisión General de las Políticas Públicas (RGPP), que refuerza la posición del nivel regional. Aunque en la elaboración de la ley se planteaba como objetivo la racionalización de la organización territorial, la realidad es que lo que se pretendía era la reducción de los gastos públicos incluidos los de las entidades territoriales. Pero como se señala en el artículo ni la reforma territorial ha finalizado ni el éxito de su puesta en marcha está garantizado.</p> <p align="justify"><b>The law of 16 December 2010, according to the explanatory statement was the “second stage of modernization of french territorial structures”, after reform of the “territorial State” undertaken in 2007 under the General Review of Public Policies (RGPP), which strengthens the position of the regional level. Although in the drafting of the law be raised aimed at the rationalization of territorial organization, the reality is that what was intended was the reduction of public expenditures, including those of the territorial entities. But as noted in the article nor the territorial reform has been completed or the success of their implementation underway is guaranteed.</p>

Culture, Social Minds, and Governance in Evolution

In the past quarter century, the concept of culture has undergone change as evolutionary scientists have come to include social behavior in their purview. Evolutionary psychology is the newest field to concern itself with culture by claiming that mostspecifichuman behaviors are generated by minds specifically designed for these behaviors—and not from a general-purpose mind—as a result of adaptations made during the Pleistocene. Thus, mental behaviors are explained as having formed independently of cultural learning. In defending the concept, however, the leading proponents practically slough off culture as significant in human affairs. I argue that they have neglected the powerful explanatory statement of Darwin regarding at least one general-purpose adaptation of social animals, namely, the instinct for sociability, a position supported by recent neurological studies. Expanding the Darwinian concept, modern research shows that (1) the human brain was selected for sociability, which explains the origin and strength of culture, as well as its variability; (2) the development of complex culture in a pre-human primate initiated the two-and-one-half million-year evolution to modern humans; and (3) there are political contributions to cultural evolution that rest on the nature of groups (competitive and cooperative).