Operational Process in Lpg and Lng Gas Ships in Maritime Transportation Logistics

Liquefied petroleum gas is used as an energy source in many areas of the world. It is among the most important fuels used worldwide. Transport of this type of petroleum products between ports is carried out on a large scale. These cargoes are transported in ship types called LPG tankers. Transported LPG gas formation must be carried in liquid form. Particularly in these liquid formations, the transportation of the LPG vessels is divided into different types and it is carried under the name of Fully Refrigerated, which authors call full cooling. LPG is a highly sensitive, flammable, and explosive property, but it is also necessary to know special precautions regarding its transportation. Load operations are difficult processes for LPG tankers. The most complex of these processes is the change of load called grade change. The chapter guides LPG vessels' workers and students in the education process.

Dust Explosion Characteristics of Agglomerated 35 nm and 100 nm Aluminum Particles

In the experiment, nanoparticles of 35 nm Al and 100 nm Al powders, respectively, formed particles with average sizes of 161 nm and 167 nm in agglomeration. The characteristics of dust cloud explosions with the two powder sizes, 35 nm and 100 nm, revealed considerable differences, as shown here: (dp/dt)max-35 nm= 1254 bar/s, (dp/dt)max-100 nm= 1105 bar/s; Pmax-35 nm= 7.5 bar, Pmax-100 nm= 12.3 bar, and MEC-35 nm= 40 g/m3, MEC-100 nm= 50 g/m3. The reason of Pmax-35 nmvalue is smaller than Pmax-100 nmmay be due to agglomeration. From an analysis of the explosive residue, the study found that nanoparticles of 35 nm Al powder became filamentous strands after an explosion, where most of 100 nm Al nanoparticles maintained a spherical structure, This may be because the initial melting temperature of 35 nm Al is 435.71°C, while that for 100 nm Al is 523.58°C, higher by 87.87°C. This study discovered that explosive property between the 35 nm Al and 100 nm Al powders after agglomeration were different.

Response of a Free-Standing or Anchored Explosive-Forming Assembly

This investigation considers an explosive-forming assembly where an elastic base is able to take compressive loads but cannot support tension. The release of the compression without restraint may result in an undesirable rebound of the assembly. Height of rebound is found for three different pressure pulse shapes—rectangular, triangular, and exponential. Length and area of anchoring bolts to restrain an assembly may be determined for a given bolt material. Also included are explosive property curves for TNT in water.