Time poverty in Brazil: measurement and analysis of its determinants

This article analyzes well-being on an individual level, through the allocation of work hours done by adults and children and thus it measures time poverty in Brazil. In order to achieve such measurement, poverty indicators such as Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) were adapted into a time poverty mode. Additionally, an analysis of its determinants was also conducted. Among other findings, the fact that women (either children and adult ones) are the time-poorest individuals in urban or rural areas. Another unfortunate finding is that the high rate of time poverty among children, numerically 16,1% is not far from the adult rate which is of 19,7%. The overall composite time poor individual profile is of an African-Brazilian adult woman of little education, not necessarily income poor and residing in an urban area of the northeast region, living in a household of few people, she is the mother of children who are younger than 14 years old.

Still Evidence-Based? The Role of Policy Evaluation in Recession and Beyond: The Case of the National Minimum Wage

This article explains the role of evidence in determining the recommendations made by the Low Pay Commission (LPC) for the National Minimum Wage (NMW). First, it sets out the process of recommending the minimum wage including the role of evidence. Second, it summarises the evidence available on the impact of the minimum wage before discussing how that evidence has informed the recommendations for the adult rate of the minimum wage in the LPC's reports. It concludes by assessing the extent to which the NMW might be regarded as a success and considers whether the recent financial crisis will alter the evidence-based approach so far adopted by the LPC.

Altered role of microtubules in asialoglycoprotein trafficking in developing liver

Efficient receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoprotein by mature liver requires participation of microtubules that convey newly internalized ligand to lysosomes for degradation and receptor back to plasma membrane to continue endocytosis. To ascertain whether microtubular participation in asialoglycoprotein endocytosis is altered during development, we compared endocytosis of 125I-labeled asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) in neonatal rat hepatocytes to that in adult cells, with and without microtubular disruption by colchicine. Control experiments demonstrated that 125I-ASOR degradation in neonatal hepatocytes occurred at 70% of the adult rate during continuous endocytosis, although neonatal surface receptors were only approximately 40% as numerous. Colchicine disruption of microtubules reduced 125I-ASOR degradation and steady-state intracellular ASOR more in adults during continuous endocytosis. Degradation of 125I-ASOR prebound to surface receptors was equally impaired by colchicine in the two groups. Continuous ASOR endocytosis by colchicine-treated adult hepatocytes progressively depleted their surface receptors but minimally in neonates. Unlike colchicine, the protonophore monensin markedly impaired receptor recycling as well as postinternalization ligand trafficking in both neonates and adults. Thus these experiments demonstrate that asialoglycoprotein processing proceeds as efficiently in neonatal as in adult hepatocytes despite a reduced surface receptor population. Microtubules are required to maintain receptors on cell surface as well as for postinternalization trafficking in adult cells. During development, only the latter process substantially requires microtubules, indicating that microtubular participation in protein trafficking is selectively, not uniformly, diminished at this time in life.

Estimation of population fitness of parental races Drosophila nasuta nasuta and Drosophila nasuta albomicana and of the newly evolved Cytoraces I and II

Interracial hybridization between Drosophila nasuta nasuta (2n = 8) and Drosophila nasuta albomicana (2n = 6) has resulted in the emergence of new karyotypic strains called Cytorace I (♀ 2n = 7; ♂ 2n = 6) and Cytorace II (♀ and ♂ 2n = 6). The parental and the newly evolved Cytoraces were assessed for parameters of fitness, i.e., fecundity, egg to adult rate of development, egg to adult viability, and adaptedness. The newly evolved Cytoraces not only differ from each other but also differ from their parental races in their fitness phenotypes. Each one of these four strains represent features of different genetic systems with different adaptive phenotypes.Key words: Drosophila, interracial hybridization, population fitness.

Comparative Dynamics of Australasian Rabbit-Populations

Shot samples of rabbits were collected over several years at 11 sites in Australia and one in New Zealand. At any one site, pregnancy rates and litter sizes vary both with age of mother and with time of year. Few rabbits become pregnant before the age of 19 weeks; pregnancy rate increases until the full adult rate is achieved about 27 weeks old. Litter size is also affected by age, adult litter size being reached by females at about 43 weeks old. Rates and timing of reproduction vary greatly from site to site in response to local conditions. The annual production of young per fully adult female is highest at Wairarapa, N.Z. (53 young) and lowest in the semiarid (17) and subalpine (15) environments. At six of the sites cohorts of marked rabbits provided estimates of seasonal survival rates; survival improves with age but becomes relatively constant in rabbits aged more than 24 weeks; survival patterns differ between sites. Life tables were constructed combining the information on reproduction and survival. Their possible usefulness is discussed.

Translational control of an intestinal microvillar enzyme

The rates of biosynthesis of adult and foetal pig small-intestinal aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) were compared to determine at which level the expression of the microvillar enzyme is developmentally controlled. In organ-cultured explants, the rate of biosynthesis of foetal aminopeptidase N is only about 3% of the adult rate. The small amount synthesized occurs in a high-mannose-glycosylated, membrane-bound, form that is processed to the mature, complex-glycosylated, form at a markedly slower rate than that of the adult enzyme. Extracts of total RNA from adult and foetal intestine contained comparable amounts of aminopeptidase N mRNA, encoding gel-electrophoretically identical primary translation products. Together, these data indicate that the expression of aminopeptidase N is controlled at a translational level.

Adverbial connectivity in conversations of children 6 to 12

ABSTRACTNatural language samples of 114 children aged 6 to 12 years are analysed for instances of discourse connectivity via adverbial conjuncts and disjuncts. Conjunct use is just emerging at 6 and is limited to the encoding of a subset of possible logical relations with only one lexical item per relation (transitional now, inferential then, result so and concessive though). Developmental progress takes the form of increasing use of the same conjuncts, plus additional logical relations and an increasing repertoire of lexical items per relation. Disjunct use is rare at all ages and largely limited to really and probably. Developmental interactions between form, content and use (discourse context) are probed. The 12-year-old child falls far short of an adult rate of production but is learning a similar set of connectivity forms.

KINETICS OF ROD OUTER SEGMENT RENEWAL IN THE DEVELOPING MOUSE RETINA

The kinetics of rod outer segment renewal in the developing retina have been investigated in C57BL/6J mice. Litters of mice were injected with [3H]amino acids at various ages and killed at progressively later time intervals. Plastic 1.5 µm sections of retina were studied by light microscope autoradiography. The rate of outer segment disk synthesis, as judged by labeled disk displacement away from the site of synthesis, is slightly greater than the adult level at 11–13 days of age; it rises to more than 1.6 times the adult rate between days 13 and 17, after which it falls to the adult level at 21–25 days. The rate of disk disposal, as measured by labeled disk movement toward the site of disposal, is less than 15% of the adult level at 11–13 days of age; it rises sharply to almost 70% of the adult level by days 13–15 and then more gradually approaches the adult rate. The net difference in rates of synthesis and disposal accounts for the rapid elongation of rod outer segments in the mouse between days 11 and 17 and the subsequent, more gradual elongation to the adult equilibrium length reached between days 19 and 25. The changing rate of outer segment disk synthesis characterizes the late stages of cytodifferentiation of the rod photoreceptor cells.

The genetic sensitivity to X-rays of mouse foetal gonads

The mutation rate at seven specific loci was measured among the offspring of male and female mice exposed as 17½-day-old foetuses to 200 r. X-rays. In the female series the mutation rate was lower, by a factor of about four, than the comparable adult rate; in the male series the mutation rate was lower but not statistically significantly lower than in adults.