DEVELOPMENT OF A BIM INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFLOW ADAPTED TO FACILITIES OF LAND SUBDIVISION PROJECTS IN MOROCCO

Land subdivision represents a complex procedure which leads to the construction of a set of buildings and utilities necessary for the viability of the project: Roads, sewerage network, water network, electricity network and telecommunication networks. The techniques adopted so far to carry out land subdivision projects in Morocco have certain limitations. Several stakeholders are necessary for the realization of a land subdivision and many 2D plans and documents are used. These plans and documents are independently produced and carried out by the various trades involved in the project. If a change is made to one element of the project, which often happens, several documents and plans are affected and must be updated. This can be a source of errors and conflicts and can lead to an increase in the time and cost of the hall project. This study proposes the development of a Building Information Modelling (BIM) infrastructure workflow adapted to land subdivision projects in Morocco. The integration of BIM in this type of project is an innovation in the Moroccan context. It will improve the design, simplify communication and collaboration between the various stakeholders and facilitate the management and the monitoring of the project. The resulting digital BIM model can be used to produce 2D and 3D construction plans, take measurements and plan work. It constitutes the basic platform to perform calculations and simulations at any stage of the infrastructure life cycle and to detect and resolve interferences in a collaborative environment.

Designing the sewerage network of the city in purpose to reduce impact to the environment and water bodies

Today, the study of the city’s sewerage network is an important part of the life of the city and the environment. Ensuring optimal living conditions not only for oneself, but also for other participants in the environment should be a priority for a person. Today we can face various problems that complicate the operation of the city sewer network and can cause detrimental effects on the environment. To prevent this impact on the environment, you first need to understand the cause of this impact, and then look for a solution. Wastewater is a pollutant of rivers, lakes and the water system in general. Wastewater is formed in connection with human activity, the appearance of rainwater, as well as under the influence of industrial enterprises. The purpose of the article is to develop the management of wastewater flows within the city sewer network to ensure the highest quality water clarification and minimize environmental harm.

SARS-CoV-2 adsorption on suspended solids along a sewerage network: mathematical model formulation, sensitivity analysis, and parametric study

Accounting for SARS-CoV-2 adsorption on solids suspended in wastewater is a necessary step towards the reliable estimation of virus shedding rate in a sewerage system, based on measurements performed at a terminal collection station, i.e., at the entrance of a wastewater treatment plant. This concept is extended herein to include several measurement stations across a city to enable the estimation of spatial distribution of virus shedding rate. This study presents a pioneer general model describing the most relevant physicochemical phenomena with a special effort to reduce the complicated algebra. This is performed both in the topology regime, introducing a discrete-continuous approach, and in the domain of independent variables, introducing a monodisperse moment method to reduce the dimensionality of the resulting population balance equations. The resulting simplified model consists of a large system of ordinary differential equations. A sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to some key parameters for a single pipe topology. Specific numerical techniques are employed for the integration of the model. Finally, a parametric case study for an indicative—yet realistic—sewerage piping system is performed to show how the model is applied to SARS-CoV-2 adsorption on wastewater solids in the presence of other competing species. This is the first model of this kind appearing in scientific literature and a first step towards setting up an inverse problem to assess the spatial distribution of virus shedding rate based on its concentration in wastewater.

Development of Sampling and Analysis Methods to Identify and Quantify Gas Emissions in the Sewerage Network Développement de Méthodes

Increasing population and urbanization have direct consequences on the sewer functioning. In order to identify and quantify gases and VOCs likely to be present in the sewers, methodological studies of sampling in sewer using airbags, canisters and adsorbent tubes were assessed, and methods of analysis by GC-MS were developed. The results obtained lead to propose improvements to sampling protocols in the sewers. The gas quantification is complicated by low gas concentrations, environment heterogeneity and a high hygrometry.

Assessment of Shallow Groundwater Purification Processes after the Construction of a Municipal Sewerage Network

In the present study, the impact of the construction of the sewerage network (2014) on groundwater quality was studied on the example of a middle-sized settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain and changes in water quality were assessed using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis. As a result of the pollution that has been going on for decades, the groundwater supply of the municipality has become heavily polluted. In the period before sewerage (2011–2013), clear spatial differences were shown in the degree of contamination in the area of the settlement: the degree of contamination increased in the direction of local groundwater flow. Based on our results, the construction of the sewerage network resulted in marked changes in the quality of groundwater wells. Our studies showed a clear decrease in the concentrations of inorganic pollutants (NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−). In the fifth year of the post-sewerage period (2019), the clear spatial difference between wells was eliminated. We have observed a strong descent (1.5 to 2 m) in groundwater levels in the post-sewerage period, the reason for that is clearly due to that wastewater outflow was eliminated. On this basis, it can be declared that the purification processes in the area have started, but at the same time, our results show that pollutants entering environment undergo a number of transformations and remain in the system for a long time.

Sanitation Ladder and Undernutrition Among Under-Five Children in Pakistan

While the state of sanitation in Pakistan has improved in the last decade, a significant proportion of its population is still using inadequate sanitation or no toilet facility at all. Open defecation has decreased over the years; however, it has been replaced by poor quality sanitation in rural areas that might still cause diarrhoea and undernutrition. The research regarding inadequate sanitation in Pakistan, especially in terms of the sanitation ladder, remains limited. The present research thus fills this research gap by assessing the impact of different types of sanitation on the prevalence of stunting and underweight (moderate as well as severe) among under-five children in Pakistan using the nationally representative micro survey, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18). The sanitation ladder comprises of Piped to Sewer (highest level, base) followed by Flush to Septic Tank, Flush to Pit Latrine, Other Improved, Unimproved Sanitation, and Open Defecation. In order to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants, this research uses logistic regressions are used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants. We show that toilets connected to piped sewerage network are rare in the rural areas of Pakistan and a large segment of the rural population is still practicing open defecation. The logistic regressions show that piped sewerage network and flush to septic tanks are associated with lowest odds (both adjusted and unadjusted) of stunting and underweight among under-five children. In multivariate regressions, pit latrines are associated with even higher adjusted odds of severe and moderate and severe stunting as well as underweight among under-five children, showing that poor quality pit latrines may bring the source of faecal contamination to the doorstep of the households. Therefore, interventions targeting reduction in open defecation should promote good quality toilets for sustainable long-term improvements in child health.

Artificial Neural Network Analysis of Sulfide Production in A Moroccan Sewerage Network

Sulfide in urban wastewater leads to the formation ofhydrogen sulfide and its release in the air. This molecule is anodorous compound, representing an annoyance and healththreat for workers and the nearby population. In order toprevent hydrogen sulfide emission, it is necessary toevaluate sulfide concentration in sewage water and identifyenvironmental key parameters that enhance sulfideproduction. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)method was used to analyze the presence of this substancein a Moroccan sewerage network. Experimental data ofwastewater composition of Tangier sites (north of Morocco)were used for the training, testing, and validating the ANNmodel. The results showed satisfactory capability of ANN topredict sulfide concentration in aqueous phase, reachingvalue of 89%. Dissolved oxygen and temperature have themost significant impact on sulfide production. The obtainedmodel can be the first step towards monitoring sulfide forbuilding up in sewers and consequently applying it into anappropriate treatment.