Antimicrobial and Antioxidant properties of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma P. Karst

Ganoderma species have been known all over the world as highly medicinal mushrooms. Antimicrobial activity of it is an attractive approach which raises the global interests from the scientific community. In this study, the antimicrobial assay of ethanol and methanol extracts of Ganoderma were prepared by using the dried mycelial powder obtained from five different liquid media; was performed against seven plant pathogenic fungi viz., Alternaria macrospora, Aspergilus niger, A. flavus, Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Penicillium sp. and two plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum. The extracts of mycelia obtained from Yeast Wine Media exhibited the highest inhibition percentage as compared to rest. At concentration 1000ppm, there was complete inhibition of mycelial growth for Alternaria macrospora, Aspergilus niger and A. flavus while for Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillum sp. complete inhibition was observed at 500ppm but for Colletotrichum falcatum and Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, more than 80% mycelial inhibition at concentration 1000ppm in both ethanol and methanol extracts. In the case of Xanthomonas oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum, at concentration 1000ppm, methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zone (3.50mm, 3.75mm). Ganoderma exhibited antagonistic effect against plant pathogenic fungi could add to the interest of developing Ganoderma as a successful bioagent in the near future. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and Metal chelating activity on ferrous ions. The DPPH radical scavenging effect was detected in methanol extract (Inhibition% = 27.312%) was higher than that of the ethanol extract (Inhibition% = 24.79%) and also Ferrous ion chelating ability of methanol extract (Inhibition% =22.27%) was higher than the ethanol extract (Inhibition% =12.55%). It is clearly indicated that both methanol and ethanol extract of the Ganoderma show antioxidant properties and Ganoderma extracts act as an effective antioxidant agents.

PREPARATION OF BACTERICADAL FILLERS FROM GEORGIAN HEULANDITE-CLINOPTILOLITE AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR PAPER PRODUCTION. I. BACTERICADAL FILLERS

The purpose of present work was to obtain bactericidal materials using heulandite-clinoptilolite from the Rkoni plot of the Tedzami deposit, Eastern Georgia, to study their properties and use them as a filler for the production of bactericidal paper. Silver-, copper-, and zinc-containing microporous materials have been prepared using ion-exchange reactions between preliminary acid-treated zeolite microcrystals and a salt of a corresponding bioactive metal in the solid phase followed by washing with distilled water. Synthesized in such way adsorbent-ion-exchangers are characterized by X-ray energy dispersion spectra, powder X-ray diffraction patterns, and Fourier transform infra-red spectra. Obtained materials remain the zeolite crystal structure and contain over 130 mg/g of silver, 70 mg/g of copper, and 55 mg/g of zinc. Prepared materials show bacteriostatic activity towards gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, fungal pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, and a fungus Aspergilus niger. It was found that the mixtures of various forms exhibit a synergistic effect, and the silver form with additives of copper and zinc forms is most active against staphylococcus, and against other microorganisms, mixtures of copper and zinc forms are most effective.

Potential of Aspergilus Niger MT809753 for Bio-treatment Paper Industry Wastewater After Screening Effective Factors on Production of Cellulase Enzyme by Plackett-burman Design

A microorganism capable of degrading cellulose present in rice straw was isolated from wastewater samples and identified as Aspergilus niger MT809753 by 18S rDNA. In the present study various cheap agronomic cellulosic wastes as (cotton seed husks, barley straw, rice straw and maize straw) were utilized as crude inducers for the cellulase enzyme production and represent the carbon source for isolates where cellulose activity was measured by (DNS) method. The highest cellulases enzyme production was obtained by fungal isolate Aspergilus niger MT809753 within 24 hours (0.532 IU/ml) using rice straw. Plackett-Burman design was used as conventional method for statistically screening of different variables. Nine variables of the production process were selected. The results illustrate those seven variables, namely as (inoculum size, substrate concentration, incubation temperature, pH, shaking conditions, and incubation time and peptone concentration) had influence with high confidence levels, while the remaining two variables did not show a significant effect on cellulase production. After using response optimization the experiment was performed and the obtained cellulase production was 1.08 IU/ml. A bench scale study was performed to examine paper industry wastewater treatment efficiency by Aspergillus Niger MT809753. Results reveal that organisms have proved their bioremediation potency in treatment of paper industry effluent. The importance of the research stems from the fact that it sheds light on the role of some fungi in the production of the cellulase enzyme. So our goal is to obtain local isolates from fungi having a high ability to produce the cellulase enzyme, as well as developing an effective treatment processes to get rid of environmental cellulosic pollution and utilization of cellulosic wastes as cheap carbon sources.

Aflatoxigenic Contamination of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed and its Management Using Seed Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. in Katsina State, Nigeria

Studies on aflatoxin seed contamination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in storage and its management using seed extract of Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale was carried out on diseased seeds collected from Dutsin-Ma, Kurfi and Safana Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria between March and July, 2019. Aspergilus niger, A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. tamari, A. parasitica, Rhizotonia spp, mucor spp and F. oxysporum were isolated. A. niger was the most frequently occurring pathogen in all the locations in March, 2019 with a range of 9 in Kurfi to 13 Dutsin-Ma and between 14 in Kurfi and 22 in Dutsin-Ma in July while the least was Mucor with a range of 3 in Dutsin-Ma and 6 in Kurfi both in July. Pathogenicity test conducted illicit rot in the healthy groundnut seeds. A. niger and A. flavus which were the most virulent pathogenic fungi responsible for aflatoxin contamination in groundnut seeds were controlled with the two extracts. Z. officinale was found to be more effective in the control of A. niger than M. oleifera at 40 g/L with inhibition of 60.32 % and at 120 g/L with inhibition of 87.33 % compared to M. oleifera which inhibited A. niger mycelial at 40 g/L by 59.79 % and at 120 g/L by 73.53 %. M. oleifera however, proved more efficacious in the management of A. flavus than Z. oficinale at 40 g/L and 80 g/L with percentage growth inhibition of 60.79 % and 62.47 %, respectively compared to a lower inhibition of 60.52 % and 60.94 % at 40 g/L and 80 g/L of Z. officinale, respectively. In both cases, the two extracts proved more effective on A. niger than A. flavus. It is therefore, recommended that extracts of Z. officinale and M. oleifera at different concentrations can be used to effectively manage rot pathogens of groundnut seeds in storage by farmers.

Microbial contamination on oyster mushroom after harvest and their management using some essential oils in Azamgarh (U.P.) India

Mushrooms are more vulnerable as their self life is too short and are consumed fresh. The main study of this work was isolation and control of fungal contaminants in mushrooms during and after harvest storage. Samples of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida were collected from three vegetable markets of Azamgarh city which revealed presence of 21 fungi. Results exhibited Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus sp. as most abundant contaminants which were treated with Zanthoxylum armatum and Eucalyptus citrodora using poisoned food technique. The control combination was potato dextrose agar with no oils added. All the essential oils significantly inhibit (p>0.05) the growth and spore germination of both test fungi. A strong inhibitory action of Cinnamon oil and Mentha oil was recorded against Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus sp respectively at a concentration of 20 ml/ml. This clearly suggests that essential oil could be an alternative to the synthetic chemicals that are currently used to control fungal contamination in mushroom and extend their shelf life.

Conversion of Sugar Cane Bagasse Become Bioethanol Using Variations of Yeast Types and Fermentation Temperatures with Socarification Process

Sugarcane bagasse is a waste of sugar factories and one of its lignocellulosic materials is still of limited use. Sugarcane bagasse consists of three main components, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Sugarcane bagasse can be converted into bioethanol through a hydrolysis process (the process of converting carbohydrates into glucose) which consists of a liquefaction and saccharification process and followed by a fermentation process. The hydrolysis method is carried out enzymatically. This research used alpha amylase and gluco amylase enzymes with various types of yeast including Saccharomyces cereviceae, Rhizopus oryzae, Acetobacter xylinum, Mucor sp., and Aspergilus niger varied with liquefaction temperatures including 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 °C. Obtained the most optimal yeast is Saccharomyces cereviceae with an optimal temperature of 95 °C resulting in a bioethanol concentration of 4.5%.

Pengaruh Perbedaan Aras Starter Aspergilus Niger Pada Proses Amofer Sekam Padi Terhadap Kandungn Lignin, Selulosa Dan Hemiselulosa

Penelitian amoniasi fermentasi sekam padi bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh perlakuan perbedaan aras starter kapang A. niger pada proses fermentasi sekam padi yang telah diamoniasi terhadap kandungan lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan menggunakan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu perbedaan pemberian aras starter yaitu : 0% (T0), 2,5% (T1) dan 5% (T2). Sekam padi diamoniasi terlebih dahulu dengan kadar amonia 5% selama 21 hari, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses fermentasi dengan aras starter A. niger selama 10 hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah kandungan lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan analisis ragam pada taraf 5%. Apabila terdapat pengaruh nyata (P<0,05), diuji lanjut menggunakan uji wilayah ganda Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai tengah antar perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan aras starter A. niger berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) menurunkan kandungan hemiselulosa dan selulosa sekam padi amoniasi yang telah di fermentasi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan aras starter A. niger dalam proses fermentasi sekam padi amoniasi dapat menurunkan kadar selulosa dan hemiselulosa.

KEANEKARAGAMAN MIKROFUNGI TANAH DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BAUMATA DESA BAUMATA KECAMATAN TAEBENU KABUPATEN KUPANG

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis mikrofungi dan keanekaragaman jenis mikrofungi yang terdapat pada Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Baumata. Pada penelitian ini mengunakan metode observasi langsung dan Direct metoch . Penelitian dilakukan di TWA Baumata dan proses isolasi dan identifikasi mikrofungi tanah pada laboratorium biologi Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana Kupang dan laboratorium Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang dari bulan November 2017 sampai dengan bulan April 2018. Mikrofungi yang teridentifikasi dibedakan jenisnya kemudian di hitung indeks keanekaragamannya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 5 jenis mikrofungi tanah yang terdapat pada TWA Baumata yakni Mikrofungi Aspergilus terreus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Penicillium sp., Thamnidium elegans. Tahapan yang dilalui untuk mendapatkan kelima jenis mikrofungi tanah ini adalah melalui tahapan isolasi, pemurnian dan identifikasi. Dengan menggunakan rumus shannon wiener hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat keanekaragam mikrofungi pada TWA Baumata tergolong sedang dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman (H’) = 1.2691. Hasil Analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi tanah TWA Baumata memiliki produktivitas cukup, tekanan ekologi sedang dan kondisi ekosistem yang cukup seimbang. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Mikrofungi Tanah, dan Taman Wisata Alam Baumata. Abstract The research to purpose determine the types of microfungi and the diversity of microfungi found in Baumata Natural Tourism Park (TWA). In the reaseaech using direct observation methods and direct metoch. The research was conducted in Baumata TWA and the process of isolation and identification of soil microfungi in the biology laboratory of the Biology Education Study Program at the Arta Wacana Kupang Christian University and the Plant Disease Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nusa Cendana Kupang, from November 2017 to April 2018. The identified microfungi are of different types and then count the diversity index The results showed that there were found 5 types of soil microfungi found in Baumata TWA is Microfungi of Aspergilus terreus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Penicillium sp., Thamnidium elegans. The stages that are passed to get these five types of microfungi are through the stages of isolation, purification and identification. By using the shannon wiener formula the results of the analysis show that the diversity of microfungi in Baumata TWA is classified as moderate with a diversity index (H ') = 1.2691. The results of this analysis indicate that Baumata TWA soil conditions have sufficient productivity, moderate ecological pressure and fairly balanced ecosystem conditions. Keywords: Diversity, Soil Microfungi, and Natural Park Baumata

Ubi Jalar Putih (Ipomoea Batatas L.) Media Alternatif Pertumbuhan Aspergillus Niger

Jamur Aspergilus niger menghasilkan alergan yang menyebabkan reaksi alergi, yaitu dapat menyebabkan reaksi hipersensitivitas seperti asma dan alveolitis pada manusia. Ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) mengandung karbohidrat yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti sumber karbohidrat pada media PDA. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Penggunaan ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) sebagai media alternatif pertumbuhan jamur Aspergillus niger. Penelitian ini bersifat true eksperimet dengan menggunakan 6 replikasi dan 4 perlakuan yaitu media PDA sebagai kontrol, media tepung ubi jalar putih dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Hasil uji laboratorium pada media PDA pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 43.5 mm dengan sporulasi lebat dan miselium tebal, pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 10% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 40.8 mm dengan sporulasi tipis dan miselium putih tipis, pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 20% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 57 mm dengan sporulasi cukup lebat dan miselium putih tipis, dan pada media alternatif tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) pada konsentrasi 30% memiliki pertumbuhan diameter jamur Aspergilus niger adalah 37.5 mm dengan sporulasi cukup lebat dan miselium putih tipis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tepung ubi jalar putih (Ipomoea batatas L.) dapat digunakan sebagai media alternatif untuk pertumbuhan Aspergillus niger.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ZANTHOXYLUM AVICENNAE

Minyak atsiri Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC diektrak dari organ daun dan buah tanaman koleksi Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali. Spesies ini dikoleksi dari Nusa Tenggara Barat pada 15 Juni 1993, dan kemudian di tanam di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali sejak 15 Desember 1993. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali sifat antibakteri dan antifungi dari minyak atsiri daun dan buah Z. avicennae. Untuk pengujian antimikroba, kedua minyak atsiri diuji dengan lima jamur patogen tanaman, yaitu Fusarium oxysforum(+), F. solani(+), Aspergilus niger(+), Collectotricum sp.(+), and Cladosporium sp. dan empat bakteri manusia yaitu Eschericia coli ATCC 43894, Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli (strain isolasi klinis), dan Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kedua minyak atsiri Z. avicennae (Minyak daun dan Buah) memiliki aktivitas antifungi yang kuat terhadap kelima jamur uji. Untuk uji antibakteri, Minyak atsiri daun menunjukkan hasil positif aktivitas antibacteri terhadap Eschericia coli, tetapi tidak terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Sedangkan minyak atsiri buah menunjukkan hasil positive aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Shalmonella thipymurium and Eschericia coli atcc 43894. Kata kunci : Zanthoxylum avicennae, jamur patogen tanaman, bakteri, minyak atsiri; antimikroba.