Early Childhood Caries and its Correlation with Secretory Immunoglobulin A

The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) was reported quite high in several countries, including Indonesia. Many studies had reported the relationship between sIgA level and ECC. However, the results obtained were not consistent due to the cross-sectional method used in examining sIgA. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the occurence of ECC and sIgA level after 9 months of observation in children aged 2 years and below. The research was observational analytic with a cohort design for 9 months. The sample size was 68 caries-free children under 2 years old, who had at least 2 erupted primary upper incisors. Subjects were taken through purposive sampling from community health center in Medan. The sIgA examination was carried out 3 times, which were at the beginning of the month, at the 3rd and 9th month. The sIgA examination used the ELISA sandwich method and been read at 450 nm using a microplate reader. Caries examination was based on AAPD criteria. Data analysis used independent t-test, Spearman correlation, and longitudinal analysis used general estimating equation (linear) test. The significant value was defined as p<0.05. The results showed that caries-free children had higher sIgA level compared to children with ECC (p=0.003). Spearman correlation test results between the deft score and sIgA level showed a significant correlation (p = 0.006) with r value = -0.33.The higher the child's deft, the lower his/her sIgA level. It was concluded that caries-free children have effective sIgA defense functions in dealing with bacterial infections that cause caries so that salivary sIgA level were found to be higher in caries-free children compared to children with ECC.

The effect of a single-strain probiotic administration in the treatment of thermal burns patients

Background and Objectives: Between 2007 and 2011, the mortality rate for burns patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospi- tal, Surabaya, Indonesia was 14.1% and 60% were suspected to be sepsis-related. Immunosuppression, gut barrier disruption, and intestinal hypomotility cause bacterial and bacterial product translocation. Probiotics improve the intestinal microbiome and eventually reduce bacterial translocation, and an increased secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion post-adminis- tration of a multi-species probiotic has been observed. We aimed to determine whether a single-strain probiotic administra- tion could show strengthened intestinal immunity, through an increase in SIgA levels, as with multi-strain probiotics. Materials and Methods: Sixteen burns patients from our hospital Burns Centre were randomized into three treatment groups, and the patients were administered either a placebo, a Lactobacillus reuteri protectis probiotic, or a Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 probiotic for 14 consecutive days. The SIgA levels were analyzed using ELISA pre- and post-treatment. Results: The post-treatment SIgA levels in the placebo, Lactobacillus reuteri protectis probiotic, and Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 probiotic groups were 222.56±74.22 mg/dL, 223.92±68.89 mg/dL, and 332.38±64.27 mg/dL, respectively. Decreased SIgA levels were observed in the placebo (7.19±15.87) and in the Lactobacillus reuteri protectis probiotic (1.9920±14.76) groups, whereas an increase was seen in the SIgA level in the Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 probiotic group (58.26±77.41). Conclusion: The Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 single-strain probiotic is generally superior to Lactobacillus reuteri protec- tis in altering intestinal immunity; however, this finding was not statistically significant. A multi-strain probiotic supplement is recommended for burns patients.

Comparative efficacy and safety of preventive treatment with cytovir-3 and arbidol in children during seasonal outbreak of respiratory viral infection (an open-label randomized clinical study)

Aim:To compare the safety and prophylactic efficacy of Cytovir-3 and Arbidol in an open-label randomized clinical trial in children at seasonal risk of infectious respiratory disease.Methods:This study was performed in the period preceding a seasonal outbreak of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and influenza. The study enrolled apparently healthy children aged 6 to 18 years without contra-indications to either Cytovir-3 or Arbidol. Cytovir-3 was given as 1 capsule per day, each day in a fasted state for 12 days. Arbidol was taken as a 100 mg capsule twice a week for three weeks. Following dosing, subjects were followed-up for a further three weeks. Overall health and presence of symptoms of either ARVI or influenza were monitored daily in all subjects. The level of sIgA in saliva was baselined before treatment and measured at the end of the follow-up period.Results:Most subjects did not exhibit any change in overall health status during the dosing and follow-up periods. The first two cases of illness in subjects receiving Cytovir-3 were diagnosed at the end of the third week after completion of dosing. In those subjects receiving Arbidol the first cases of illness were reported at the end of the second week following the end of prophylactic dosing. All patients displayed a significant increase in sIgA level at the end of the dosing period, but this was more pronounced in the Cytovir-3 group. Conclusion:The results of this comparative randomized clinical trial confirmed the safety and tolerability of both medications, and that the prophylactic efficacy of Cytovir-3 is equal to that of Arbidol.

The Dental Caries Experience in Relation to Salivary Flow Rate, SIgA and Mutans Streptococci Bacteria in Smoker and Non-Smoker Patients

Background: Dental caries is a localized, progressive destructive, largely irreversible microbial based disease of multifactorial nature; these factors include (host, microbes and food) they influence differently on the initiation and progression of dental caries. The aims of the study: was to evaluate the effect of smoking on salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) level and viable count of mutans streptococci (M.S) bacteria in oral cavity and their relation to dental caries experience. Material and method: The samples were collected from 80 male students ranging in ages from 18-22 years old. Where they divided in to two groups, 40 non-smokers (control group) and 40 smokers (study group). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected. Salivary flow rate was estimated and viable count (CFU/ml) of mutans streptococci was determined. The diagnosis and recording of dental caries were done according to WHO, 1987 criteria and the level of SIgA was determined by ELISA. Result: the result revealed that the salivary flow rate and SIgA level were lower in smoker group than non-smoker, while the means value of dental caries experience Decay, Missing and Filling tooth (DMFT) and (CFU/ml)of M.S were higher in oral cavity of smoker group than non-smoker group. Conclusion: the smoking has negative effect on salivary flow rate, SIgA and increase the viable bacterial count of M.S and dental caries in smoker patients

Protective Effects of Benzoic Acid,BacillusCoagulans, and Oregano Oil on Intestinal Injury Caused by EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliin Weaned Piglets

The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed has been fully or partially banned in several countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of benzoic acid (A),bacilluscoagulans (B) and oregano oil (O) combined supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier in piglets challenged with enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC). Thirty piglets were randomly assigned to 6 treatments: (1) nonchallenged control (CON); (2) ETEC-challenged control (ETEC); (3) antibiotics + ETEC (AT); (4) A + B + ETEC (AB); (5) A + O + ETEC (AO); (6) A + B + O + ETEC (ABO). On day 22, piglets were orally challenged with ETEC or saline. The trial lasted 26 days. Dietary AO and ABO inhibited the reduction of growth performance and the elevation of diarrhoea incidence in piglets induced by ETEC (P<0.05). AB, AO, and ABO prevented the elevation of serum TNF-αand LPS concentrations in piglets induced by ETEC (P<0.05). ABO alleviated the elevation of TNF-αand IL-1βconcentrations and the reduction of sIgA level in jejunal mucosa induced by ETEC (P<0.05). Furthermore, ABO upregulated mRNA expressions of Claudin-1 and Mucin2 (P<0.05), downregulated mRNA abundances of TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways related genes in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05), and improved the microbiota in jejunal and cecal digesta (P<0.05) compared with ETEC group. These results indicated that benzoic acid,bacilluscoagulans, and oregano oil combined supplementation could improve growth performance and alleviate diarrhoea of piglets challenged with ETEC via improving intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, which was possibly associated with the improvement of intestinal microbiota and immune status. The combination of 3000 g/t benzoic acid + 400 g/tbacilluscoagulans + 400 g/t oregano oil showed better effects than other treatments in improving growth performance and intestinal health of piglets, which could be used as a viable substitute for antibiotic.

Breastfeeding pattern and its' association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A level in 3-to 6-month-old infants

Introduction: Breastfeeding pattern is a form of mother's behavior in giving breast milk to her baby. Breast milk supports the growth and development of the baby. The most common immunoglobulin in breast milk is secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). SIgA levels can be evaluated, one of the ways, from saliva samples examination. The purpose of the research were to determine the breastfeeding pattern and its association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A level in 3-to 6-month-old infants.Methods: The research with cross sectional design was conducted in Kiara Social Pediatric-Growth and Developmental Polyclinic, Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital Jakarta. A total of 54 healthy infants subjects aged 3–6 months old were taken using consecutive sampling method. Descriptive analysis, Chi Square, and Mann-Whitney test were used. P-values <0.05 were considered significant.Results: Our results showed that subjects with normal nutritional status were 85.2%. The median of subjects’ salivary sIgA level was 56.2 (2.5–536.4) µg/ml. There was no significant differences regarding to subjects’ nutritional status between good breastfeeding pattern group and poor breastfeeding pattern group (P> 0.145), and no significant differences regarding to salivary sIgA level between good breastfeeding pattern group and poor breastfeeding pattern group (P> 0.34).Conclusion: Despite its un-significant results, this study showed that normal nutritional status tended to be more prevalent in group with good breastfeeding pattern than in poor breastfeeding pattern. Re-encouragement, socialization, and education to the breastfeeding mothers is needed to improve the good breastfeeding pattern.

Immunocorrecting effect of glucosamine-muramylpeptide in cases of bronchial asthma in children

The application of glucosamine-muramylpeptide for allergic bronchial asthma treatment in children reduced the duration of asthma exacerbations caused by infection, increased sigA level, decreased total IgE, reduced the frequency of disimmunoglobulinaemia. decreased the IgE-level to fungal allergens, modified the cytokine profile from Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 j to Thl (IL-2. INFy).

Оцінка специфічного імунітету порожнини рота при комплексному лікуванні пацієнтів із генералізованим пародонтитом на тлі червоного плоского лишаю

<p>The state of the oral cavity immunity of the patients with chronicle generalized periodontitis together with oral lichen planus<strong> </strong>has been examined as one of the possible objective criterion of the treatment quality. Successful treatment of the patients according to the worked out scheme (lizomukoid, lisobakt, lysozyme containing gel) is accompanied by restoration of the local specific immunity characteristics of the oral cavity sIgA level normalization just after the end of the course of treatment and in 3 months after the therapy.</p>