Discovering optimal strategy in tactical combat scenarios through the evolution of behaviour trees

In this paper we address the problem of automatically discovering optimal tactics in a combat scenario in which two opposing sides control a number of fighting units. Our approach is based on the evolution of behaviour trees, combined with simulation-based evaluation of solutions to drive the evolution. Our behaviour trees use a small set of possible actions that can be assigned to a combat unit, along with standard behaviour tree constructs and a novel approach for selecting which action from the tree is performed. A set of test scenarios was designed for which an optimal strategy is known from the literature. These scenarios were used to explore and evaluate our approach. The results indicate that it is possible, from the small set of possible unit actions, for a complex strategy to emerge through evolution. Combat units with different capabilities were observed exhibiting coordinated team work and exploiting aspects of the environment.

Perencanaan LTE-A untuk Heterogeneous Network dengan Metode CADS4 di Grand Asia Afrika

ABSTRAKBerdasarkan hasil pengukuran di Grand Asia Afrika (GAA) diketahui terdapat peningkatan kualitas jaringan setelah pemasangan unit COMBAT selama 7 hari. RSRP ≥ -95 dBm sebelumnya sebesar 75,70% menjadi 100%, SINR ≥ 0 dB dari 53,58% menjadi 97,54%, dan throughput ≥ 8 Mbps sebelumnya sebesar 48,12% menjadi 89,55%. Untuk mempertahankan kualitas tersebut maka dibangunlah small cell. Perencanaan menerapkan metode inter-band carrier aggregation pada heterogen network LTE dengan skema CADS4 sebagai pengganti unit COMBAT. Tujuan perencanaan ini adalah extended throughput dan agar kualitas layanan pada beban trafik tinggi tetap baik. Macro cell sebagai Primary Cell (PCell) pada band-1 2100 MHz dan micro cell sebagai Secondary Cell (SCell) pada band-3 1800 MHz. Hasil perencanaan menunjukkan telah memenuhi standar RF Parameter LTE yaitu RSRP sebesar -92,65 dBm, SINR sebesar 16,55 dB, throughput sebesar 1,062 Mbps, dan user connected 97%.Kata kunci: LTE-A, heterogen network, CADS4, Great Asia Afrika Bandung ABSTRACTBased on the report on the development of temporary sites in the tourist area of Great Asia Africa (GAA), it shows that the DRR rate is> 90% in the sectors leading to GAA. From the measurement, it is known that there is an increase in network quality after installing the COMBAT unit for 7 days. For RSRP ≥ -95 dBm, the previous amount was 75.70% to 100.00%, for SINR ≥ 0 dB previously it was 53.58% to 97.54%, and for throughput ≥ 8 Mbps the previous was 48.12% to 89,55%. To maintain the quality of the network, small cells were built to cover the GAA area. Planning to apply the inter-band carrier aggregation method to the heterogeneous LTE network with the CADS4 scheme to replace the COMBAT unit. The purpose of planning is to provide extended throughput and so that the service quality at high traffic loads remains good. The configuration used is a macro cell as a Primary Cell (PCell) in the band-1 2100 MHz and a micro cell as a Secondry Cell (SCell) in the 1800 MHz band-3. The results of the planning meet the LTE parameter RF standards, RSRP of -92.65 dBm, SINR of 16.55 dB, throughput of 1.062 Mbps, and users connected to 97%.Keywords: LTE-A, heterogen network, CADS4, Great Asia Afrika Bandung

Research on force demand of multi-layer anti-missile coorperative combat

In order to find a scientific analysis method of anti-missile force demand, the connotation of force demand of multi-layer anti-missile cooperative combat was first defined, and the relative concepts such as combat unit, firepower layer, route shortcut and assault wave were described. Then, an intercept damage model of multi-layer anti-missile coorperative combat was built. And the computing method of anti-missile firepower overlaping demand was proposed, the computing method of minimum acceptable quantity of single firepower layer anti-missile combat unit and the total force demand of multi-layer anti-missile cooperative combat were given based on the studied thinking of force demand. At last, the example of anti-missile combat was set up, which was solved with LINGO software, and it confirmed the rationality of the proposed method and the effect of each anti-missile fire layer.

RANCANG BANGUN TRACKING ARAH TEMBAKAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR POSISI BERBASIS PID

Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dan otomasi, pelaksanaan tugas militer dapat dibantu dengan mengembangkan alutsista militer. Salah satunya pengembangan robot tempur yang akan digunakan sebagai alat untuk membantu tugas operasi jarak jauh pada satuan tempur TNI AD. Pada robot tempur tersebut akan ditanamkan sistem komunikasi data berupa perintah kendali laju robot, perintah kendali senjata serang, dan sistem visualisasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mendukung pergerakan robot hingga mencapai sasaran yang ditentukan, serta sebagai sistem penginderaan jarak jauh robot tempur untuk memonitor area musuh yang akan ditinjau. Operator menggunakan sebuah joystick untuk mengendalikan robot tempur dan tablet Android untuk memantau dan mendeteksi arah sasaran. Penelitian ini membahas tentang perancangan pendeteksian sasaran tembak yang dapat dikendalikan dari jarak jauh. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen berbasis PID. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pendeteksian sasaran tembak yang nantinya akan terhubung dengan Raspberry Pi 3, sehingga senjata dapat mendeteksi adanya sasaran tembak yang ada di dalam jangkauan sensor posisi. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa robot dapat dikendalikan dengan mudah menggunakan joystick dan secara real-time terlihat pada layar Android yang terpasang pada kontrol joystick tersebut. Selain itu, sistem juga dapat membedakan antara sasaran tembak dan objek yang bukan sasaran tembak. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendukung tugas operasi personel TNI dalam menjalankan misinya dengan memanfaatkan robot tempur. Along with the development of communication and automation technology, the implementation of military duties can be assisted by developing military defense equipment. One of them is the development of a combat robot that will be used as a tool to assist the task of long-distance operations on the Army combat unit. In the combat robot, a data communication system will be implanted in the form of a robot rate control command, an attack weapon control command, and a visualization system that is used to support the robot's movement to reach the target specified as a combat robot's remote sensing system for monitoring enemy areas to be reviewed. The operator has used a joystick to control the combat robot and to detect the direction of the target can be monitored with an android tablet. This research discusses the design of the detection of target fire that can be controlled remotely. The method used is experimental based on PID. This research focused on detecting firing targets that will be connected with Raspberry Pi 3 so that the weapon can detect the presence of firing targets within the position sensor. The results of the research show that the robot can be easily controlled using a Joystick and in real-time visible on the Android screen mounted on the Joystick control, the system can distinguish between target shooting and non-target objects. This research is expected to support the operational duties of army personnel in carrying out their missions by utilizing combat robots.

Portrait drawing of the Great Patriotic War. Documentary and artistic evidence of eyewitnesses

The article highlights the need to create a portrait drawing in frontline conditions. One of the important factors is the creation of portrait images, posters, aimed at the propaganda of military activities in the Red Army. In addition, the artists were fully interested in creating sketches for paintings, portraits, diary entries reflecting reality not only for agitation, but also for the creation of creative works that contain their own view of the working days of the frontline soldiers. The analysis of the paintings shows how similar and at the same time different the portraits are. To a large extent, the differences are due to the place of battles, their complexity and the circumstances in which the portrait drawings were created. The images of people were united by moral and volitional desire for victory, the imprint of fatigue on the face, the experience of relatives and friends who became close in battle. One of the important aspects for understanding the portrait image is the conditions for creating a picture - it is a portrait after the battle with combat weapons, wounded in hospital, at a concert, in the working environment of the headquarters, writing a letter in a trench. The models for portraits were as a rule people close to the artists and who belonged to the combat unit where they served.

Electronic Cigarette Use and Related Factors among Active Duty Service Members in the U.S. Military

Introduction Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are increasingly used in the U.S.A. by young people. As young adults serve as the primary recruiting pool for military, active duty service members in military may be susceptible to using e-cigarettes. However, factors related to e-cigarette use in military population have rarely been studied. We aimed to identify factors associated with e-cigarette use and factors related to duration of use among active duty service members. Materials and Methods Subjects (N = 2,467) from Fort Bragg Army Base, North Carolina and Lackland Air Force Base, Texas completed a self-administered questionnaire during July 2015 to May 2016 time frame. The questionnaire collected data on demographic and military characteristics, tobacco use (including e-cigarette use) and other information. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify significant factors associated with e-cigarette use. Stepwise linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with duration of use. Results A total of 356 (14.4%) study participants reported ever use of e-cigarettes. There was no significant difference in prevalence of use between the two military installations (15.6% at Fort Bragg vs. 13.2% at Lackland, P = 0.097). Increased use of e-cigarettes was associated with young age (20–24 years old) (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.22–3.22), enlisted military rank (E1–E4: OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.36–4.40; E5–E9: OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.10–3.21), low perception of harm (OR = 5.18, 95% CI = 3.65–7.34), former (OR = 9.12, 95% CI = 6.29–13.22) and current (OR = 13.24, 95% CI = 9.22–19.02) cigarette smoking, and former smokeless tobacco use (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.33–3.22), former (OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.42–4.85) and current (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.82–4.37) cigar or pipe smoking. However, serving mainly in combat unit during deployment was associated with decreased odds of use (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34–0.97). Among e-cigarette users, the number of years using e-cigarettes was significantly longer among the participants with lower perception of harm than those with higher perception of harm (0.82 vs. 0.22, P < 0.001), and the duration was longer among subjects who used e-cigarette with nicotine than those without nicotine (0.79 vs. 0.49, P = 0.003). Finally, reasons for use differed markedly by cigarette smoking status. Never smokers used e-cigarette for the taste or flavor, while cigarette smokers used e-cigarette to help quit tobacco or reduce tobacco use. Conclusion Young age, lower military ranks, other tobacco use, and low perception of harm were associated with increased odds of using e-cigarettes, while serving in combat unit was associated with decreased odds of use in active duty service members. Low harm perception and using nicotine-containing e-cigarettes were associated with long duration of use. The reasons for using e-cigarettes differed by cigarette smoking status. Our study provides clues for future hypothesis-driven studies.