Jewelry and Enamels

This chapter surveys jewelry and enamels. Byzantine jewelry has survived in small numbers. Early Byzantine rings, bracelets, necklaces, and earrings were made with gold, gemstones, and pearls, often in the opus interrasile openwork technique. From the tenth century, enamels could also adorn (imperial) gold jewelry. Inscribed and engraved rings were common in the Middle and Late Byzantine period. Bronze pieces attest to everyday jewelry. Increased exchange with other areas, especially the West, is noticeable in post-Crusader times.

Out of The Economic Crises: Changes in East Java Gold Jewelry Industry

Kelurahan Sidomukti, Kecamatan Kebomas, Kabupaten Gresik, Jawa Timur selama ini dikenal sebagai salah satu sentra produksi perhiasan emas yang dijalankan secara tradisional berbasis industri UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana perubahan struktur industri yang diinisiasi oleh para perajin perhiasan emas di Sidomukti sebagai bagian dari strategi adaptasi para perajin tersebut dalam menghadapi krisis. Krisis yang dimaksud adalah menurunnya skala industri perhiasan emas di Sidomukti serta menurunnya pendapatan yang diakibatkan fluktuasi harga emas sejak krisis moneter tahun 1997/1998. Rumus yang berlaku adalah, harga emas di pasaran tergantung nilai kurs dolar terhadap rupiah. Semakin rendah dan semakin stabil harga emas di pasaran, semakin kondusif iklim industri perhiasan emas. Akan tetapi sejak krisis moneter 1997/1998, harga emas di pasaran cenderung naik dan tidak stabil. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, penelitian ini akan menjelaskan strategi adaptasi yang dijalankan para perajin dalam menghadapi krisis tersebut. Para perajin mengubah struktur industri putting out yang sudah berlangsung selama ini, dengan memodifikasi rantai produksi yang sebelumnya berporos kepada juragan menjadi lebih fleksibel. Caranya para perajin tidak lagi menggantungkan siklus produksi pada pesananan juragan, melainkan secara mandiri mencoba memproduksi sendiri serta memasarkannya juga secara mandiri. Penelitian ini ingin memberikan kontribusi berupa data dan analisa tentang resiliensi sektor industri berbasis UMKM dalam menghadapi krisis dan menjadikan sektor industri berbasis UMKM sebagai sektor yang adaptif dalam menghadapi turbulensi ekonomi.

TINGKAT PENDAPATAN, POLA KONSUMSI, DAN POLA MENABUNG PETANI GARAM DALAM PERSONAL FINANCE

Personal finance is a financial management scope was used to manage finances from respective person. A good quality of life requires a good financial and a good financial can be achieved with proper financial planning. Financial management of personal occurs for salt farmers too who have income in seasonal. This study aims to describe Salt farmers Madura income level, consumption, and savings in personal finance. This research conducted on 6 villages on Madura as Salt Island, namely Pangarengan and Ragung in Sampang City, Dasuk and Lembung in Pamekasan city, Karanganyar and Pinggirpapas in Sumenep city. 130 respondents was used on this study with purposive sampling technique and descriptive quantitative as a research method. The results show the factors such as: dry season duration, production, farmer categories, productivity levels, salt prices, profit-sharing system, and side job have effect on income levels. Furthermore, that Madura salt farmers prioritize primary consumption with simple financial management. Besides, Madura salt farm also have savings with various pattern and type. They have gold (Jewelry) investment as the main choice.

"Temple complexes" in the religious life of the trypillia community

In the period 4800-3600 BC. in the eastern part of the Trypillia area arose "giant settlements" or "megasites" / "mega-settlements" (working term of modern archaeologists) with thousands of buildings. In the central parts of these living conglomerates, scientists found special buildings that were recognized as sanctuaries, sacred complexes or temples. In the late period of the Trypillia culture they disappeared. These religious buildings were built with a focus visible processes of celestial bodies and the laws of cyclic rotation of the Earth in space, and included in their internal filling usually cruciform altars, ritual utensils, troughs with graters for the preparation of ritual bread and numerous other ceremonial and religious artifacts. There were also unique finds, such as gold jewelry (an element of prestige) and a perforated clay disk with tockins to it from the space of the Nebelivka Temple. The interior and exterior walls of the Trypillia sacral centers were painted with natural colors with a predominance of red. The wood carving for decoration of elements of a skeleton of a construction was investigated also. The first Temples on the European continent show that even at that time there was a cult of architecture. In general, it is clear that such Trypillia objects of religious worship carried encoded astronomical information in symbolic form. The building itself was oriented with regard to worldsides and designed relative to visible celestial bodies. This indicates that the people of Trypillia had a fairly clear worldview, which allowed them to reach the level of understanding the structure and mechanisms of many natural cyclical processes on Earth. Trypillia cosmology united the celestial and terrestrial spheres, and the Temple was the point of contact of the earth with the visible Universe. In his work, the author traces the existing analogies in the structure of construction of Trypillia and sacred complexes of the ancient Middle East and biblical ideas about the Tabernacle and the House of the Lord in the ancient Jews, given the fact, that the Trypillia temple building is known from 4,000 years BC. and several thousand years older than the Middle Eastern counterparts. There are also significant parallels in the construction of temples in the context of Indo-European religious heritage. It is noted that the Temple was not only a metaphysical reflection of the annual cycle with a focus on the points of the equinoxes and solstices, but also had a higher religious function, which consisted in the combination of the terrestrial sphere with the celestial, the connection of man with the mystery of the cosmos.

CONCERNING THE PECTORAL FROM THE BURIAL MOUND TOLSTAYA MOGILA. BASED ON THE STUDY OF SCYTHIAN RELICS OF GREEK WORK

The uniqueness and complexity of the composition on the pectoral examined here, a piece gold jewelry from the Scythian burial mound Tolstaya Mogila, С. 4 BC, encouraged researchers to assume it held exceptional significance in Scythian culture, and the idea emerged that the pectoral belonged to a Scythian cult role, and this view has been developed in most studies. However, we do not have any information confirming ritual its use. The pectoral was found in the mound, but outside the burial itself. The plot of the main narrative depicted can be correlated with an ancient legend about the origin of the dynasty of the Macedonian kings, the Argeades. Its style and technical features do not rule out identification of the place of manufacture as Macedonia or Northern Greece. The “Scythian tradition” in modern scholarship allows for the exchange of Royal gifts, as well as military trophies, between Scythian and Macedonian (Greek) rulers. Still, many things remain unclear. The pectoral has no analogues either in the Scythian world, or in the Greek. Despite the correspondence of its elements and techniques with those of other works, the pectoral remains an exceptional and individual work of art, still unsurpassed in the complexity of its design and the quality of its workmanship.

Details of Headdresses and Diadems from Novozavedennoe-II Barrow Cemetery

In the article is published the gold jewelry from the Early Scythian barrow cemetery Novo-zavedennoe-II in Central Ciscaucasia (Stavropol Region). It has been suggested that these finds were the parts of head's jewelry. In Novozavedennoe-II, obviously, were buried group of clan leaders who headed one of the militarized tribal alliance, which settled in the Ciscaucasia steppes after Near East campaigns. The relative chronology of the site covers the interval between the third quarter 7th century BC and the second quarter 6th century BC. In barrow No. 1 were found the gold sewn-on plaques in the form of rosettes and two types of pendants, which could be adornments of a ceremonial headdress made in the traditions of the Near East palace fashion. The ribbon diadems decorated of sewn-on plaques in the form of stylized lying feline predators obviously were in the Barrows No. 3 and 16. The decorations from the mound No. 3 were made with using soldering and granulation, obviously in Western Asia. A set of sewn-on decorations from mound No. 16 were made using the stamp technique, it's possible, by a captive jeweler at the field headquarters of a Scythian chief. Especially important is the find in barrow No. 16 of a gold beads distributor, which has analo-gies in the tomb I in Nimrud. Obviously, gold female jewelry connected with Assyrian royal court get to the Scythian tombs at the end of the 7th century BC in time of the downfall of the Assyrian empire.

Reconstruction of the Costume Elements of the Shilikty “Golden Man”

The article contains the reconstruction of the Shilikty “Golden Man” clothing based on multidisciplinary studies of the archeological material from the royal kurgan “Baigetobe” in the Tarbagatai foothills. The authors describe in detail the reconstruction of the anthropological appearance and the results of studying organic samples from the burial complex, as well as explain the final shape of royal attire and justify the details and components of the reconstructed costume. The methodological basis of the study is the systemic approach that allows one to view the categories of the Saka royal clothing as profound systems. Within the approach, the methodology and the recreation of ancient royal clothing rely on a wide range of analogies from Eurasian Saka-Scythian monuments and ethnographic materials. Based on these monuments and materials, the authors have established that certain elements in the clothing of early nomads of Kazakhstan have more in common with the clothing of neighboring tribes of Asian steppes in the early Iron Age. This is evident in the cut, detailing and the décor of clothing recovered from such monuments as Pazyryk, Katanda, Tuyekta and Akalakha. The methodological challenge to study clothing based on archeological data is primarily related to the condition of the source. The authors briefly characterize the organic probes from the kurgan burial chamber that have been studied using regular and digital microscopes and conclude that the clothing of the Shilikty Man was colorful. Within the framework of multidisciplinary research, the authors have conducted an anthropological study of the skeletal remains and the sculptural reconstruction of the person from the Baigetobe kurgan. Anthropologically, this person belongs to the mixed Caucasoid and Mongoloid type with prevalent Caucasoid elements, which agrees with the anthropological features of the ancient population of Central Asia in the early Iron Age. Therefore, gold jewelry, the quality of fabrics and the multilevel burial structure confirm the high profile of the Shilikty Golden Man. The conclusions and results can be used for the reconstruction of the composite image of the nomadic nobility in Central Asia in the early Saka period.

Face to Face Sales and Sales Promotions have a Positive Effect on Gold Jewelry Purchasing Decisions

Purchasing decisions are influenced by various factors, both internal and external factors. Face-to-face selling and sales promotion are two factors that can influence purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze the influence of face-to-face sales and sales promotions on purchasing decisions for gold jewelry. This research is a a quantitative approach research. The population used in this study amounted to 1,193 consumers. The sampling method used was accidental sampling, in order to obtain a sample of 92 people. The data were collected using interview techniques and questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques using SPSS version 22 statistical tools. The results showed that face-to-face sales and sales promotion variables together had a positive effect on purchasing decisions. This can be proven from the results of F-count 195.569> F-table 3.10 with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05, then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. It can be concluded that there is a significant and positive influence between face-to-face sales and sales promotion on gold jewelry purchasing decisions.