Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of denture stomatitis

Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis, which increases the risk of tissue infection and inflammation. These factors include poor oral hygiene, trauma secondary to poorly fitting prostheses, resin porosity, and bacterial plaque accumulation. Our present review discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of denture stomatitis based on data from current studies in the literature. The prevalence of denture stomatitis is significantly variable among the different studies, as previously discussed. However, the cumulative incidence of denture stomatitis among their participants ranged between 17-77%. These hugely variable rates have been attributed to the nature of data collection, diagnostic criteria, sample size, and patient demographics. Studies also show that the condition is more prevalent among elderly females. However, not many studies have reported this correlation, indicating the need for future studies. Candida albicans infection is the primary parameter in the etiology and pathogenesis of the condition. However, other factors related to the patient (like status of immunological response) and dentures (like hygiene) were also reported. Therefore, the management of denture stomatitis should be based on applying adequate interventions. Besides, using antifungal medications is also necessary to eradicate organism.

Preservação em próteses implantossuportadas: peri-implantite / reservation in implant-supported prostheses: Peri-implantitis

Resumo: A identificação e o tratamento da infecção ao redor do implante é uma etapa essencial na manutenção do implante osseointegrativo e isso reflete na vida útil da reabilitação. O principal objetivo do tratamento da peri-implantite é a utilização de métodos de descontaminação mecânica e química para eliminar a carga bacteriana na superfície do implante. O biofilme pode ser removido por métodos não cirúrgicos ou cirúrgicos. Nos casos mais graves, geralmente é necessário tratamento cirúrgico, cujo objetivo é corrigir o defeito ósseo existente, combinado com a aplicação do enxerto, para regenerar o tecido ósseo perdido no processo inflamatório. O propósito deste estudo é realizar uma revisão de literatura tendo como o tema preservação em próteses implantossuportadas: peri-implantite, a fim de guiar a conservação das reabilitações orais. Além de buscar maiores informações acerca do desenvolvimento da doença peri-implantar, bem como sua ligação com a doença periodontal e os fatores que contribuem para seu desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram utilizados descritores como: “peri-implantite", "manutenção de implantes" e “ossointegração” nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo, google acadêmico e Lilacs. Para possibilitar um melhor resultado, foram organizados tópicos para uma discussão final, sendo eles: conceito, etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Foram encontradas dificuldades na manutenção dos implantes e a necessidade de se descrever o melhor planejamento para uma melhoria nos protocolos clínicos de preservação a fim de obter-se excelência nos desfechos clínicos.Abstract: The identification and treatment of infection around the implant is an essential step in the maintenance of the osseointegrative implant and this reflects on the lifetime of the rehabilitation. The main objective of peri-implantitis treatment is the use of mechanical and chemical decontamination methods to eliminate the bacterial load on the implant surface. Biofilm can be removed by non-surgical or surgical methods. In more severe cases, surgical treatment is usually necessary, the aim of which is to correct the existing bone defect, combined with the application of a graft, to regenerate the bone tissue lost in the inflammatory process. The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review with the theme of preservation in implant-supported prostheses: peri-implantitis, in order to guide the conservation of oral rehabilitations. In addition to seeking more information about the development of peri-implant disease, as well as its connection with periodontal disease and the factors that contribute to its development. For this purpose, descriptors such as: “peri-implantitis”, “implant maintenance” and “bone integration” were used in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo, academic Google and Lilacs. final discussion, namely: concept, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Difficulties were found in the maintenance of implants and the need to describe the best planning for an improvement in clinical preservation protocols in order to obtain excellence in clinical outcomes. Plaque control maintains the health of the soft tissue-implant interface.Keywords: Dental implants; Peri-implantitis; Bacterial plaque.

The Significance of Phytochemicals on Periodontal Health

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder of tooth-supporting tissues that affects almost 90% of the population worldwide. The treatment of periodontal disease involved mechanical therapy, surgery, and administration of antibiotics. The high cost of the treatment and bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics regime has led to the search for the alternative treatment to overcome the disease at less cost and side effects. Natural products had been proven to be an important source in developing modern medicine to promote general health. Herbal plant extracts had been widely used in oral health particularly to prevent bacterial plaque adherence and dental caries. In periodontal disease, several studies and reviews have documented that herbal plant extracts had the potential to prevent and treat periodontitis through their active ingredients associated with antimicrobials, antiinflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. The sources to obtain the herbs are readily available and economical to produce in the market. Some of the herbs had been marketed for public uses in the form of toothpaste and mouth rinses. This review is an attempt to outline the importance of herbal medicine to provide potential effective and economical medicaments for periodontal disease and its significance for further clinical research in the future.

Gingival hyperplasia treatment using diode laser gingivectomy in a child with cerebral palsy: case report

Gingival hyperplasia is associated with several factors, such as chronic inflammation due to the large accumulation of biofilm and medications including anticonvulsants. The aim of this study is to report a clinical case of a 4-year-old spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy patient with gingival hyperplasia in the palatal region of the upper teeth induced by the use of high doses of anticonvulsant medications. The patient attended the Dental Assistance Center for People with Disabilities, with fibrotic gingival hyperplasia in the upper posterior region, covering the dental crowns on the palatal and occlusal surfaces. Oral hygiene instructions were previously carried out using chlorhexidine gluconate solution (0.12%) on the teeth with the aid of a cotton swab, twice a day for seven days, to reduce bacterial plaque levels and control periodontal inflammation. Gingivectomy was performed using a gallium aluminum arsenide diode laser (GaAlAs; 808±10 nm, 2.5 W output power, continuous mode). Following the surgical procedures, photobiomodulation therapy was performed with a low-level aluminum gallium indium phosphide diode laser (InGaAlP; 660±10 nm, 100 mW, 3 J) at three points (anterior, middle and posterior region of surgical wound). The patient returned at 7 and 30 days after surgery presenting accelerated wound healing. It was concluded that the high-level diode laser associated with photobiomodulation therapy were effective for performing a conservative and safe procedure in a patient with severe neurological disorder.

Functional and Esthetic Rehabilitation of a Child with Early Childhood Caries: a Case Report

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) can be defined as the presence of one or more carious lesions, may or may not be cavitated, and missing teeth due to caries in children up to five years of age. It is multifactorial involving the presence of bacterial plaque, poor oral hygiene, frequency and time of consumption of beverages containing sugar. It has several deleterious effects like it can damage speech, swallowing, feeding, development, esthetics and self-esteem of the child. Therefore, complete oral rehabilitation in such patients is utmost important for their normal growth and development. The current case report involves the oral rehabilitation using different treatment options.

Perception of the importance of oral hygiene in a group of adults from South-West Romania

Oral hygiene is a dental procedure with the role of removing bacterial plaque and action to prevent oral diseases, including periodontal disease. Oral prophylaxis includes both daily dental hygiene (daily brushing, flossing and mouthwash) and the visits to the dentist for professional hygiene and prophylaxis. The correct brushing of the teeth is important not only for maintaining oral health but also for the health of the whole body, because there are correlations between diseases of the oral cavity and problems of the digestive tract or even heart disease.

Elements of 3D Bioprinting in Periodontal Regeneration: Frontiers and Prospects

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide, caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque, which can lead to the destruction of periodontal supporting tissue and eventually tooth loss. The goal of periodontal treatment is to remove pathogenic factors and control the periodontal inflammation. However, the complete regeneration of periodontal supporting tissue is still a major challenge according to current technology. Tissue engineering recovers the injured tissue through seed cells, bio-capable scaffold and bioactive factors. Three-D-bioprinting is an emerging technology in regeneration medicine/tissue engineering, because of its high accuracy and high efficiency, providing a new strategy for periodontal regeneration. This article represents the materials of 3D bioprinting in periodontal regeneration from three aspects: oral seed cell, bio-scaffold and bio-active factors.

A Proteomic Analysis of Discolored Tooth Surfaces after the Use of 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) Mouthwash and CHX Provided with an Anti-Discoloration System (ADS)

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is considered the gold standard for the chemical control of bacterial plaque and is often used after surgical treatment. However, CHX employment over an extended time is responsible for side effects such as the appearance of pigmentations on the teeth and tongue; the discoloration effects are less pronounced when using a CHX-based mouthwash with added an anti-discoloration system (ADS). The aim of this study was to evaluate, using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, the possible proteomic changes induced by CHX and CHX+ADS in the supragingival dental sites susceptible to a discoloration effect. The tooth surface collected material (TSCM) was obtained by curettage after resective bone surgery from three groups of patients following a supportive therapy protocol in which a mechanical control was combined with placebo rinses or CHX or a CHX+ADS mouthwash. The proteomic analysis was performed before surgery (basal conditions) and four weeks after surgery when CHX was used (or not) as chemical plaque control. Changes in the TSCM proteome were only revealed following CHX treatment: glycolytic enzymes, molecular chaperones and elongation factors were identified as more expressed. These changes were not detected after CHX+ADS treatment. An ADS could directly limit TSCM forming and also the CHX antiseptic effect reduces its ability to alter bacterial cell permeability. However, Maillard’s reaction produces high molecular weight molecules that change the surface properties and could facilitate bacterial adhesion.

UROLITHIASIS INCIDENCE IN PATIENTS WITH DENTAL PLAQUE

Introduction. Kidney stones are more and more common among the population, and multiple physico-chemical elements, as well as numerous risk factors, lead to its occurrence. Dental plaque is found especially in patients with poor oral hygiene or a genetic predisposition and consists in the mineralization of bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth or prosthetic works. Material and method. The study enrolled 107 hospitalized patients who presented reno-urinary stones and / or dental plaque. Results. Increased incidence of urolithiasis in terms of average age in women, while the incidence is higher in male patients over 60 years. Patients who also associated dental plaque showed an increase in the incidence of reno-urinary stones compared to those without tooth dental plaque, and women who had dental plaque showed a predisposition to urolithiasis compared to people without dental plaque. Conclusions. There is a close link between the appearance of dental plaque and renolithiasis, many factors contributing equally to their detection, and people with dental plaque are more prone to the appearance of renolithiasis compared to those who do not have the disease.

Characterization of the Oral Microbiome in Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis

Canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a debilitating, oral mucosal disorder of dogs. A commonly held hypothesis for pathogenesis is that bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces is responsible for the ulcerative mucosal lesions. As such, therapy has focused on full-mouth, tooth extraction. Recent studies revealed a unique leukocyte profile in canine ulcerative stomatitis that is amenable to immune modulating therapy. What remains unknown is the role bacteria may play in dysbiosis and immune-inflammatory mechanisms. The microbiota of canine ulcerative stomatitis has not been characterized. Aims of the present study include determination of the microbiome of mucosal lesions in canine ulcerative stomatitis and that of the supragingival plaque of the opposing tooth. The microbiota of these surfaces was compared to healthy mucosa in the canine ulcerative stomatitis patient, and three non-stomatitis control patients. Our hypothesis was that specific microbial species or complexes are associated with ulcerative stomatitis. DNA from 100 clinical samples was evaluated using Next Generation Sequencing methods and was analyzed using LDA Effect Size and the non-parametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test. Statistically significant differences in species were determined from mucosal ulcers versus normal sites in ulcerative stomatitis patients. Species that were more prevalent on the ulcer lesions included putative periodontal pathogens, such as a Tannerella forsythia-like phylotype and Porphyromonas gingivicanis, a species related to the human pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The microbial profile of the supragingival plaque of the abutting tooth to the ulcer revealed similar pathogens. This study showed that in dogs with stomatitis, the mucosal ulcer is inhabited by a unique, species-specific bacterial community and suggests significant differences between the oral mucosa of healthy dogs, dogs with severe periodontal disease, or dogs with oral mucosal tumors. Based on our results, full-mouth, tooth extraction may not be the optimal treatment of the disease.