On Blurry Boundaries When Defining Digital Biomarkers: How Much Biology Needs to Be in a Digital Biomarker?

Recent years have seen a rise in research where so called “digital biomarkers” represent the focal study interest. Many researchers understand that digital biomarkers describe digital footprints providing insights into healthy and pathological human (neuro-)biology. Beyond that the term digital biomarker is also used at times to describe more general concepts such as linking digital footprints to human behavior (which itself can be described as the result of a biological system). Given the lack of consensus on how to define a digital biomarker, the present short mini-review provides i) an overview on various definitions and ii) distinguishes between direct (narrow) or indirect (broad) concepts of digital biomarkers. From our perspective, digital biomarkers meant as a more direct (or narrow) concept describe digital footprints being directly linked to biological variables, such as stemming from molecular genetics, epigenetics, endocrinology, immunology or brain imaging, to name a few. More indirect concepts of digital biomarkers encompass digital footprints being linked to human behavior that may act as latent variables indirectly linked to biological variables.

DEVELOPING CREATIVE AND LIFELONG LEARNERS AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITIES

In a narrow concept of learning we associate it with formal mode of imparting education at school, college and university etc. But in comprehensive view learning is a lifelong process which starts right from birth and ends with death. It is a continuous process. Child is told, from an early age, that he should get good formal education for his better adjustment and survival in the society. Education opens the way to maximize our potential to find better, more satisfying jobs, earn more and, perhaps, become more successful in our chosen career. However in a broader view ‘schooling’ is only one type of learning. There are many other ways and opportunities to enhance our knowledge and develop the skills and creativity we need throughout life. Undoubtedly, Education plays an important role in Development of a society. A developed society always need its citizens well knowledged, skilled and with a professional attitude for smooth running of same. Educational institutions train young generations by channelizing their energy in various directions and fields and turning them a valuable human resources for the society and nation. But irony is that this kind of education limits them to a particular area of earning money and other aspects of life are ignored. Innovations and creativity aspects of learning get missing which is much needed for development of self and society. Lifelong learning is about creating and maintaining a positive attitude to learning both for personal and professional development. This paper is an attempt to throw light on different ways to create and promote an environment of lifelong learning in institutions resulting developing professional communities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

An Analysis of Sustainability Integration in Business School Curricula: Evidence from Korea

Given the growing importance of corporate sustainability in the academic literature and in practice, this study investigates to what extent business schools in South Korea have been reflecting sustainability-linked themes in the curriculum. Based on a review of 20,507 course syllabi from ten sample universities between 2013 and 2019, our findings show an increase in the absolute number and proportion of sustainability-linked courses in Korean business schools, increasing from 12.9% of total courses in 2013 to 14.7% in 2019. The most prominent sustainability keywords were “ethics” and “corporate social responsibility,” with most courses reflecting sustainability keywords by allocating a few weeks to sustainability issues (sustainability-inclusive) rather than sustainability serving as the major theme of the course (sustainability-focused). In terms of degree program, sustainability-linked courses accounted for nearly 15% of total courses at the undergraduate and Master of Business Administration (MBA) levels, respectively, and just 7% of graduate (Master’s/Ph.D.) programs in Business Administration. While our findings suggest overall progress in incorporating sustainability themes in business schools, course offerings are fragmented and generally focus on a narrow concept of ethics rather than constituting a comprehensive curriculum that weaves sustainability throughout functional majors.

Strategic Challenges of the Iraqi National Security According to The International Variables

National security is considered a complex and renewed concept. As a result of the increasing complexity in the regional and international environment, the concept of "national security" has shifted from its narrow concept - military and political - to a comprehensive and broad field. Iraq and its national security system suffer from two forms of challenges that hinder its progress and require a lot of effort and work to ensure that they are avoided; visible strategic challenges, whose implications and effects can be sought directly in kind, and invisible strategic challenges. These challenges pose a major dilemma for the stable governments. how then to the Iraqi state, with its current and foreseeable circumstances. to face it, especially as the security system that was built according to the immediate requirements in the absence of a comprehensive strategic vision, is now suffering from a large sagging at the level of preparation, leadership and lack of armament. The Applies to the rest of our country. Therefore, formulating any kind of strategy, whether comprehensive or sub in Iraq in order to meet these challenges needs, among other things, to analyze the internal and external environments to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the internal environment of Iraq, and to analyze the opportunities and threats that occur in the regional and international environment. Our country can face and deal with them according to rational planning methods and come up with rational decisions, by taking advantage of strengths and opportunities, and addressing internal weaknesses and external threats.

Voicing the Cinema

The introduction sets up the scope and framework of the volume as a whole. Over the past three decades, the study of the film soundtrack has developed into a rich scholarly discipline, characterized by diverse approaches and methodologies. As an object of theoretical focus, the voice has helped correct the long-standing ocularcentrism of film theory discourse. Yet, the voice as a narrow concept is itself problematic in that it limits our understanding of how it functions among the various components of the soundtrack. Understood as part of an integrated soundtrack—that is, a soundtrack where the various components have a sense of being planned or composed and where sound design and music are blended into a kind of conceptual unity—the voice assumes a somewhat different role and allows for a more complex and interpretively richer conceptual framework. This volume aims to reconsider and broaden our notion of what the voice as a concept can do for studies of film music and sound. The introduction explores theoretical concerns relating to film dialogue, vococentrism, the spectacle of the singing voice, film music’s commentative function as voice, as well as the voice of various cinematic authorship and production. It concludes with a brief summary of each chapter in the volume. Considering these many different conceptions of “voice” can provide new perspectives on how we consider the relationship between voice and cinema, broadly defined.

Introduction

Over the past three decades, the study of the film soundtrack has developed into a rich scholarly discipline, characterized by diverse approaches and methodologies drawn from such fields as musicology, music theory, film and media studies, and sound studies. As an object of theoretical focus, the voice has helped correct the long-standing ocularcentrism of film theory discourse. Yet, the voice as a narrow concept is itself problematic in that it limits our understanding of how it functions among the various components of the soundtrack. Traditionally, the voice has been given great deference in production, even as dialogue has been denigrated in film theory. This has led to a curious conceptual framework for the soundtrack where the default state of synchronized dialogue in filmmaking is treated as a merely redundant figure or even as a profoundly ideological delusion in film theory. Understood as part of an integrated soundtrack—that is, a soundtrack where the various components have a sense of being planned or composed and where sound design and music are blended into a kind of conceptual unity—the voice (dialogue in particular) assumes a somewhat different role and allows for a more complex and interpretively richer conceptual framework. Many films—and increasingly in contemporary cinema of all sorts—downplay the centrality of dialogue even as the soundtrack as a whole assumes a crucial role in these films’ spectacle. This volume aims to reconsider and broaden our notion of what the voice as a concept can do for studies of film music and sound....

The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt

What is the nature of feeling hurt? This question is answered by systematically reviewing and integrating theories and empirical findings on feeling hurt using Lazarus’ theory of emotion. Following this approach, feeling hurt is constituted by a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation and by a secondary appraisal of low controllability. This appraisal pattern activates an action tendency to withdraw from an interaction. This theory leads to several hypotheses for the appraisal (e.g., that an increase in appraisals of controllability should turn hurt into anger) on facial, bodily, and behavioral expressions as well as on the communicative function of feeling hurt. Furthermore, important conceptual distinctions between a broad and a narrow concept of feeling hurt as well as between feeling hurt as an emotion and a long-term emotional episode of hurt are introduced. Finally, feeling hurt is compared with humiliation, shame, guilt, disappointment, sadness, and anger.

The Transformation of Open Urban Space and Increasing Building Density in Hong Kong since the 1970s

The narrow concept of open space (OS) present in land-use statutes cannot cover all new kinds of open urban space (OUS), however they must take responsibility for various open spaces in real-life cities, especially in contemporary high-density built environments. Open urban spaces are inserted into buildings or their accessibility is controlled by gated systems. A systematic and comprehensive approach to studying and evaluating the way in which OUS is changing is still lacking — especially from an architectural perspective. We put forward the Level-Type (L-T) framework to analyse the OUS system in central area of the Wan Chai and Yau Tsim Mong Districts, according to an expanded concept of OUS. In this paper, we illustrate the empirical studies from the first level of our research, to demonstrate how to use the new approach to evaluate the impacts of increasing density in the pattern of OUS. This study is fundamentally a qualitative study, however some data analyses act as auxiliary references to interpret changes observed in spatial planes and models. Following a three-step comparison of the changes in spatial forms and relevant data available since 1975, we found that all types of OUS are influenced — to different extents — by increasing trends and the speed at which they occur. Four kinds of relationships between increasing density and the transformation observed in the pattern of OUS are revealed. Moreover, with exception to the fourth kind of relationship — in which the changes observed in OUS are hardly a result of increasing density or the rate at which it occurred — we extract three main characteristics of OUS transformation from the remaining three kinds of relationships, which increase in density respectively. Furthermore, these characteristics of transformation can also explain the current recognition conflicts surrounding OUS from different perspectives and scales. This study method and resultant findings could prove very useful for managing and analysing the OUS system in high-density cities.

Special Features of the Crime’s Subject Under the Article 330 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

On the basis of the analysis of criminal and legal literature, certain provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and court practice of their application, the author has determined that the description of special features of the crime’s subject through the construction of “in connection with the performance of official duties” used by the legislator in the disposition of the Art. 330 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine indicates the identity of the subject to the category of officials. At the same time, taking into account the dualism of criminal and legal approaches to the definition of the term of “an official” in the descriptions of a victim and the crime’s subject, the author has emphasized on the application of the more narrow concept laid down in Part 3 of the Art. 18 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine dated from April 26, 2002 No. 5 “On judicial practice in cases of bribery”. As a result, the author has come to the conclusion that a special subject of the crime under the Art. 330 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine may be officers of the departments of the National Police of Ukraine, the State Investigation Bureau, the Security Service of Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, the Office of State Security, the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, the State Penal Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, officials of the President’s Administration of Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Supreme High Command General Headquarters of Ukraine, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the General Staff of Armed Forces of Ukraine, the unions, military units and units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the State Special Transport Service, the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine, the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional, district, city and district in the cities, state administrations and local self-government agencies, as well as officials of enterprises, institutions and organizations that carry out state defense orders, conduct research and perform development in the defense area, etc.

Transformation of East Slavic Messianism from the philosophy of Rus’ to the early Slavophiles

The emergence of the historiosophical concept of the Messianism of the Eastern Slavs in the works of Illarion, Nestor, as well as the subsequent transformation by the Orthodox clergy of the Moscow principality, and later by the Russian Slavophiles, is investigated. The study found that thinkers of Kievan Rus’ created a universal concept of «Holy Rus’» for integration into the historical tradition of Christian states. The historiosophical concepts of Illarion and Nestor were created to unite the society of Kievan Rus’, providing a universal alternative to tribal identity. On the other hand, at the international level, it integrated Rus’ into the community of Christian states. The transformation of the messianism of Kievan Rus’ in the Moscow principality was studied. Due to the conquest of the territory of Kievan Rus by the Mongol-Tatars in the middle of the XIII century, Kiev lost the significance of the geopolitical center of Russia. Moscow principality, on the contrary, being on the outskirts, is preserved, and after the collapse of the Golden Horde it becomes a new geopolitical center. Moscow needed its own ideology. The Moscow Orthodox clergy created the concept of «Moscow is the third Rome», which has lost its universality and integrativeness, becoming the historiosophical cause of Moscow’s civilizational mission as a defender of Orthodoxy. It is shown that during the time of Peter the Great, the church concept «Moscow is the third Rome» becomes the foundation of the state ideology of the Russian Empire. Therefore, the universal concept of «Rus’» is replaced by the narrow concept of «Russia». Thus, the transformation of the historiosophical concepts of Kievan Rus’ makes the Russian empire the heir of all of Rus’, its culture, history, mythology and ideology. Although before that, the Moscow principality was the periphery of Ancient Rus’. The transformation of the historiosophy of Kievan Rus’ removed the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who are territorially and culturally descendants of Rus’. Demonstrated as Slavophiles I. Kireevsky, A. Khomyakov, K. Aksakov developed the idea of historical peculiarities of Moscow and Russia. They created a complex and holistic concept - the «Russian idea» and rejected universalism and integrativity. Later, the Slavophilic historiosophy became the basis for the myths of the «elder brother», Rus’ as the «cradle of three fraternal peoples», opposing Great Russia and Little Russia. These distortions of history and historiosophy need to be analyzed and corrected in order to create the ideology of modern Ukraine.