Advances in Biosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Towards Wearables

Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) for the non-invasive monitoring of diabetes are constantly being developed and improved. Although there are multiple biosensing platforms for monitoring glucose available on the market, there is still a strong need to enhance their precision, repeatability, wearability, and accessibility to end-users. Biosensing technologies are being increasingly explored that use different bodily fluids such as sweat and tear fluid, etc., that can be calibrated to and therefore used to measure blood glucose concentrations accurately. To improve the wearability of these devices, exploring different fluids as testing mediums is essential and opens the door to various implants and wearables that in turn have the potential to be less inhibiting to the wearer. Recent developments have surfaced in the form of contact lenses or mouthguards for instance. Challenges still present themselves in the form of sensitivity, especially at very high or low glucose concentrations, which is critical for a diabetic person to monitor. This review summarises advances in wearable glucose biosensors over the past 5 years, comparing the different types as well as the fluid they use to detect glucose, including the CGMs currently available on the market. Perspectives on the development of wearables for glucose biosensing are discussed.

Prevalence of Periodontitis among the People with Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by a chronic high level of blood sugar with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action or both. Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease which leads to the destruction of the periodontal ligament fibers and alveolar bone until tooth loss. Among the several factors that may manifest periodontitis like aging, genetic factors, poor oral hygiene, obesity and virulence of the attacking micro-organisms, type 2 diabetes mellitus has received the greatest attention. Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the association type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontal condition among population in mid-western region of Nepal. Methods: We screened 200 subjects of age group from 30 to 50 years and divided into two groups: Group I – diabetic person and Group II were non diabetic. Oral examination was done to get the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need score and correlation between Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease was determined. Results: Our result showed strong correlation between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. When the evaluation was done for prevalence of periodontal disease according to diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of periodontal disease was significantly higher in diabetic person compared to non-diabetic individuals (88% vs 74.4%, P=0.03). [Odds Ratio = 11.826 and 95% confidence interval: 5.415-21.828]. Conclusion: Provided Diabetes mellitus related morbidity and mortality is burgeoning in our society and it is imperative to identify right indicators of periodontal disease for specific population.

DIABETES MELLITUS AND BONE HEALTH

Diabetes is said to be derived from a Greek word Diabetes which means siphon. Siphon means to pass through and the Latin word Mellitus meaning sweet. Diabetes Mellitus is a disease which disrupts normal metabolism by the process of elevation in blood glucose levels. Insulin hormone cannot move glucose into the cells from the blood which results in increased accumulation of glucose in blood. As of now there is no cure for diabetes but with regular exercise and proper meal planning, one can control the diabetes. Diabetes comes in different forms such as Prediabetes, T1DM, T2DM and Gestational diabetes. A diabetic person with long history of diabetes is prone to impaired bone structure and has high risks of bone fracture. So, the controlling of diabetes become necessary to avoid complications regarding bone fragility. In this review, I will emphasis on the impact of diabetes mellitus on bones.

A survey study to assess the knowledge and awareness of the indian sub-population regarding the effects of diabetes on dental implants

Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease having various negative effects on bone metabolism. Dental Implants are widely used in recent times for rehabilitation of missing teeth, therefore there is a need for evaluation of risk factors of bone metabolism. Since a large population in India is suffering from diabetes, it is essential to evaluate their knowledge regarding dental implant placement in diabetic patients. Therefore, this survey aims to address this issue and raise knowledge and awareness regarding the same. Materials and Methods: A well-structured survey consisting of 14 questions was carried out among the general population in Mumbai through various social media platforms. Results: A total of 512 people participated in the survey, with around 59.8% male and 40.2% female participation. 80.9% of the participants were of the opinion that implants could be placed in a diabetic person. 73.4% felt that informing their dentist about diabetic status will cause a change in their treatment plan. However only 20.5% of the participants received any information regarding diabetes affecting the success of dental implants. Conclusion: There is sufficient knowledge among the participants regarding effects of diabetes on the oral health in dental implant therapy. Patients should be educated regarding the possibilities of placing dental implants in a diabetic patient regardless of their glycemic control with the help of dental professionals and healthcare practitioners. Keywords: Diabetes; Implant; Survey; Indian population

Diabetes management with practice of Yoga Asanas and 2 spoons of Amla Juice and Turmeric for 90 days

This case study is of a Diabetic person who works as an IT software engineer in Bangalore. Yoga Therapy Workshop was organized for 3 weeks (15 working days) in IT Company. The person showed interest in implementing the yoga therapy protocol for a longer duration to control her Diabetes. Her sense of well-being improved within one week of following the protocol which included Asanas, Meditation, Pranayam and Home Remedies such as Amla juice with Turmeric. She practiced yoga regularly and consumed 2 tablespoons of Amla Juice with 1 gram of Turmeric on an empty stomach for 90 consecutive days. She was not on any medication since she was diagnosed as a diabetic. Yoga has shown significant improvement in reversing the patient’s diabetes condition and returning her blood sugar levels to normal range.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRODYNAMIC TRANSDUCER CONTROL OF INSULIN PROVISION IN THE BERGMAN’S AND THE CHENG’S MODELS FOR THE DYNAMICS OF THE COUPLE GLUCOSE-INSULIN IN DIABETICS

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of a model of blood glucose level control of a diabetic person using an electrodynamic transducer. Two mathematical models describing the dynamics of the couple glucose–insulin are used: the Bergman’s and the Cheng’s models. First, the adaptive control is applied on the dynamics of a reservoir opener by an electrodynamic transducer. Then it is applied on the two models of the glucose–insulin dynamics. It is found that the control of the reservoir opener and that of the glycemia of a diabetic patient are efficient for some values of the control parameters.

MAPA DE CONVERSAÇÃO COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE ENSINO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO AUTOCUIDADO EM DIABETES MELLITUS

Objetivo: Avaliar o Mapa de Conversação como estratégia de ensino para o desenvolvimento do autocuidado de pessoas diabéticas. Medtodologia: Estudo descritivo correlacional com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram do programa educativo, 20 usuários. Resultados: O período de execução do programa foi de oito semanas. A avaliação das ações educativas foi testada pela aplicação do Questionário de Atividades para o Autocuidado em Diabetes, cujos escores foram analisados no início e no final do programa. A variável ‘ressecamento’, relativa às características da pele e as variáveis “Alimentação específica (doces)”, “atividade física”, “glicemia capilar” e “cuidado com os pés” apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,05). Conclusão: Programas educativos são essenciais para a capacitação da pessoa diabética e a mudança de seu comportamento em relação ao seu autocuidado. O Mapa de Conversação em Diabetes demonstrou ser adequado para aquisição de novos conhecimentos e autonomia da pessoa no controle glicêmico.Descritores: Diabetes mellitus; Educação em saúde; Autocuidado; Enfermagem, Estratégia de Saúde da Família.CONVERSATION MAP AS A TEACHING STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CARE IN DIABETES MELLITUS ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the Conversation Map as a teaching strategy for the development of self-care for diabetic people. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study with quantitative approach. Twenty users participated in the educational program. Results: The period of execution of the program was eight weeks. The assessment of educational actions was tested by the application of the Diabetes Self-Care Activity Questionnaire (DSCAQ), whose scores were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the program. The “dryness” variable, related to the characteristics of the skin and the variables “Specific diet (sweets)”, “physical activity”, “capillary glycemia” and “foot care” were statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: Educational programs are essential for the empowerment of the diabetic person and the change in their behavior regarding self-care. The Conversation Map demonstrated to be adequate for the acquisition of new knowledge and autonomy of the person in glycemic control.Descriptors: Diabetes mellitus; Health education; Self-care; Nursing; Family Health Strategy.MAPA DE LA CONVERSACIÓN COMO ESTRATEGIA DE ENSEÑANZA PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL AUTO CUIDADO EN DIABETES MELLITUSObjetivo: Evaluar el Mapa de Conversación como estrategia de enseñanza para el desarrollo del auto cuidado de personas diabéticas. Medodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional con enfoque cuantitativo. Participaron del programa educativo, 20 usuarios. Resultados: El período de ejecución del programa fue de ocho semanas. La evaluación de las acciones educativas fue testada por la aplicación del Cuestionario de Actividades para el Autocuidado en Diabetes (CAAD), cuyos escores se analizaron al principio y al final del programa. La variable “resecamiento”, relativa a las características de la piel y las variables “Alimentación específica (dulces)”, “actividad física”, “glucemia capilar” y “cuidado con los pies” presentaron significancia estadística (p <0,05). Conclusión: Los programas educativos son esenciales para la capacitación de la persona diabética y el cambio de su comportamiento en relación al auto cuidado. El Mapa de Conversación demostró ser adecuado para la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y autonomía de la persona en el control glucémico.Descriptores: Diabetes Mellitus; Educación en salud; Autocuidado; Enfermería; Estrategia de Salud Familiar.

MEKANISME KOPING PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS DI POLI PENYAKIT DALAM RSUD DR SOEGIRI LAMONGAN

Introduction: Coping mechanism was an individual effort to deal with a stressor. Diabetes mellitus was a degenerative disease that could not be cured and could become a stressor for the patients. If this stressor unhandled it can make the condition of patients become worse.Methods: The object of this research was to know the coping mechanism of diabetic person. Design used in this research was quasy experimental pre post test design. This research was using purposive sampling with five people as the samples. The recording result of interview would be transcribed as the data. Data would be classified depend on the criteria inclusion and would be analyzed by reduction, data serving, and data conclution to get the good result.Result and Analysis: The results showed that interviews with partisipants indicated they have accepted their condition by making efforts to deal with negative feelings experienced through self control, taking a positive appraisal and accepting the responsibility. They tended able to do a good self-management to deal with diabetes mellitus by performing the routine control, dietary changes, looking for information about diabetes mellitus and exercise regularly. Partisipants were also getting support from family, friends, and health professionals.Discussion: coping mechanisms were performed by diabetic person include emotional focused coping to deal with negative emotions and problem focused coping to deal with diabetes itself through management regimen task.

Calidad de vida de una persona adulta y diabética: estudio de caso / Quality of life of an adult and diabetic person: case study

Introducción: La diabetes es una enfermedad no transmisible que crece a pasos importantes a nivel mundial. De hecho, se estima que en el mundo existen alrededor de 425 millones de personas que sufren este padecimiento, de las cuales 12 millones viven en México, lo que lo convierte en el quinto país del orbe con mayor incidencia de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el nivel de calidad de vida que tiene una persona diabética. Hipótesis: La persona diabética tiene una calidad de vida poco satisfactoria, a pesar del conocimiento de los riesgos de su enfermedad proporcionados mediante un programa de intervención. Aspectos metodológicos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo, con diseño experimental y estudio de caso. Los instrumentos fueron los siguientes: 1) cuestionario para el conocimiento de la diabetes mellitus, 2) cuestionario IMEVID, 3) escala para medir la adherencia terapéutica y 4) escala de calidad de vida WHOQOL-BREF. Estos se aplicaron tanto en la primera sesión (pretest) como en la última (postest). Tratamiento: en diez sesiones se trabajó de forma personalizada se integraron actividades de toma de presión, glucosa y peso; los temas que se desarrollaron fueron cuatro: conociendo la enfermedad, motivación, actividad física y alimentación saludable. Resultados: Los cambios en el sujeto de estudio fueron los siguientes: 18.18 % en el instrumento uno, 1 % en el instrumento dos, 23.08 % en el instrumento tres y 3.7 % en el instrumento cuatro. En síntesis, se evidenciaron cambios poco significativos, por lo que se acepta la hipótesis planteada.

Role of Education of Diabetes to Controlling Plasma Glucose, BMI, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure in Central Hospital Nampula.

Mozambique is located on the East Coast of Africa. In this country, obesity, poor knowledge regarding diabetes, and a lack of awareness of the complications of diabetes are prevalent. Furthermore, most of the population utilizes traditional healers for the treatment of diabetes. There are unhealthy food habits, a sedentary lifestyle in the urban population, and increased economic growth among office-related professions, which is one of the risk factors that cause diabetes and its complications. Currently, no study has been conducted for patients on the effects of education in various modalities of diabetes. Accordingly, there is an extreme need to educate diabetic patients to improve their control of diabetes and to reduce its complications. Adequate medical management and proper lifestyle measures should start directly at the time of the diagnosis of diabetes, which can result in the diabetic individual living a life just as cheerful as that of a non-diabetic person. However, this objective requires proper counselling of the patient specifically at the time of diagnosis, which can be achieved by well-planned educational programs that target the newly diagnosed diabetic individual and create awareness about diabetes. In central hospital Nampula in diabetic OPD, three education sessions were organized, at an interval of one month (baseline, first follow up and second follow up). Each participant was evaluated in each session regarding their BMI, blood pressure, plasma glucose, cholesterol concentrations. The statistical analysis showed strong significantly positive correlation effects with glucose to BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol on controlling each of these parameters. Prior to the commencement of the baseline education session, an evaluation of the evolution of patient knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus (the pretest) was performed. At the end of the second follow up, a posttest was performed, which showed strong significant increases in the knowledge of diabetes.