Risks and Safety Measures Associated with the Storage and Transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in LNG liquefaction and regasification capacity of many countries. The factors underlying this growth are the use of LNG to produce electricity, a reduction in costs due to technological advances and the current environmental concerns. In Italy, natural gas is transported into pipelines and LNG mainly by road, starting from coastal storage facilities, or from docks. But together with the development of these activities there is also a need to assess and counter the related risks. The handling of tanks offers dispersion scenarios connected to collision or impact, or to leaks during LNG transfer operations. So, there may be a need for emergency LNG transferring, managing the risks of the scenario. Some emergency procedures and safety measures for LNG storage and transport have been studied by the Italian Firefighters. This work offers a brief overview of the risks and safety measures associated with LNG storage and road transport in Italy and Europe.

LNG producers will aim to cut their carbon footprint

Significance The companies use carbon offsets in a bid to sustain demand in the face of rising concern about methane emissions, evolving sustainability criteria, the adoption of carbon net-zero targets and a decline in public sector funding for LNG supply chain infrastructure. They are also seeking to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of their operations. Impacts Downstream LNG infrastructure projects will find it more difficult to raise public and private finance. Carbon-neutral LNG deliveries will make a negligible contribution to limiting climate change. The adoption of carbon capture and storage to cut emissions from LNG liquefaction will offer insights for other sectors.

Optimization and Economic Analysis for Small-Scale Movable LNG Liquefaction Process with Leakage Considerations

In this study, exergy and economic analysis were conducted to gain insight on small-scale movable LNG liquefaction considering leakage. Optimization and comparison were performed to demonstrate the quantitative results of single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and the propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration processes. For the optimization, exergy efficiency was used as the objective function; the results showed that exergy efficiencies are 38.85%, 19.96%, and 13.65%, for single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration, respectively. Further, the cost analysis showed that the product cost of each process is 4002.3 USD/tpa, 5490.2 USD/tpa, and 9608.5 USD/tpa. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine parameters that affect exergy and cost. The SMR process is the most competitive in terms of exergy efficiency, product cost, and operability, without considering makeup facilities.

Opportunities and Challenges for the Industrial Titanium Market

The industrial titanium market is the second largest segment of the titanium industry and currently comprises less than 20 % of the overall titanium market. In spite of a more than 50 year history of successful application in corrosive environments myths about availability, fabrication, pricing and corrosion resistance are still part of the conversation and culture with many potential customers. The author will discuss these issues and present comparisons with other common materials of construction to demonstrate the business case for titanium. With seawater/brackish water being the most common corrosive environment where titanium is applied examples of current applications will be presented. By highlighting the characteristics of titanium that led to the material choice in these examples potential new applications can be identified. These examples will come from application on offshore platforms, LNG liquefaction plants, power generation, desalination and petroleum refining operations. Against the backdrop of the application analysis the author will also explore regulatory, market influences and new technology impacting the industrial titanium market segment. Drawing on statistics from the Titanium Association and other resources a projection for industrial growth will be presented for the next decade.

Proses Pemurnian Gas Bumi Sebagai Bahan Baku Kilang Mini

Penggunaan gas bumi sebagai bahan bakar otomotif telah cukup banyak digunakan di negara maju. Di Indonesia, penggunaannya telah dikembangkan sejak tahun 1988 meski menghadapi banyak masalah dalam perkembangannya. Ada korelasi antara jarak dari kebutuhan LNG liquefaction plant dengan pengguna akhir. Ada beberapa teknologi yang ekonomis, seperti Mini Plant LNG, terutama dalam penyediaan gas ke daerah-daerah di mana distribusi gas dari kilang besar tidak terjangkau karena kurangnya infrastruktur .Dalam beberapa kasus Mini LNG juga dapat berfungsi untuk cadangan untuk perluasan saluran yang ada , bahkan bisa juga digunakan sebagai cadangan dalam sistem distribusi selama musim puncak. Di sini kita dapat melihat bahwa kilang LNG mini akan ekonomis untuk transportasi dengan jarak sekitar 500 km dan volume persediaan di bawah 2,5 MMscm/d atau 600-700 Kton/tahun. Mini Plant LNG lebih tepat bagi negara- negara yang memiliki banyak sumber ladang gas marginal yang tersebar di beberapa lokasi geografis dengan kondisi yang lebih kompleks, sehingga untuk sistem jaringan pipa pengembangan investasi terlalu mahal, seperti kondisi pegunungan, rawa, hutan. Dalam hal ini LNG biasanya dikirim menggunakan tangki khusus melalui sungai atau darat. Kapasitas produksi jenis ini berkisar 10- 500 ton per hari. Kepadatan energi yang tinggi dari LNG juga merupakan salah satu alasan untuk memilih LNG.Kunci kunci : Kilang LNG mini, Gas Bumi, Ladang Gas MarginalAbstractThe use of natural gas as an automotive fuel has been quite widely used in developed countries. In Indonesia, its use has been developed since 1988 despite facing many problems in its development. The existence of a correlation between the distance of the needs LNG liquefaction plant to the end user. There are several technologies that are economical, like a mini LNG plant, especially in the supply of gas to the areas where the distribution of gas from large refineries are not due to lack of infrastructure. In some cases LNG mini can also act to reserve for the expansion of existing channels, even can also be used as a backup in the distribution system during peak season. Here we can see that the mini LNG plant is economically more suitable for transport to a distance of about 500 km and volumes inventory under 2.5 MMscm/d or 600-700 K tons/year. Mini LNG plant is more appropriate for countries which have many sources of marginal gas fields spread over multiple geographical locations with more complex conditions , so for investment development pipeline network system is too expensive , such as the condition of the mountains, swamps, forests. In this case the LNG usually be sent using a special tank through a river or by land. The production capacity of this type ranged from 10-500 tons per day . High energy density of LNG is also one of the reasons for selecting LNGKeywords : Mini-LNG Plant, Natural Gas, Marginal Gas Fields

Design Considerations for High Pressure Boil-Off Gas (BOG) Centrifugal Compressors With Synchronous Motor Drives in LNG Liquefaction Plants

The increased size of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plants worldwide has led to an increase in boil-off gas (BOG) flows. The BOG can be either liquefied again to LNG or compressed to higher pressure levels for use as fuel gas. Single shaft multistage centrifugal compressors are used to compress large volume of BOG at high pressures. This paper reviews design considerations for synchronous motor driven BOG centrifugal compressors operating at high discharge pressures. Several design features including compressor selection and sizing, auxiliary system, performance characteristics and testing are reviewed. The use of leading power factor synchronous motors to improve the power factor of the LNG plant is discussed. Capability curves of API 546 synchronous motors for operation in VAR control mode — for maintaining constant reactive power — are explained. The choice between the use of speed control or adjustable guide vanes for BOG compressors is discussed.