scholarly journals Optimization and Economic Analysis for Small-Scale Movable LNG Liquefaction Process with Leakage Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5391
Author(s):  
Sang Hyun Lee ◽  
Dong-Ha Lim ◽  
Kyungtae Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
Lng Liquefaction ◽  
The Cost

In this study, exergy and economic analysis were conducted to gain insight on small-scale movable LNG liquefaction considering leakage. Optimization and comparison were performed to demonstrate the quantitative results of single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and the propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration processes. For the optimization, exergy efficiency was used as the objective function; the results showed that exergy efficiencies are 38.85%, 19.96%, and 13.65%, for single mixed refrigerant, dual nitrogen expansion, and propane pre-cooling self-refrigeration, respectively. Further, the cost analysis showed that the product cost of each process is 4002.3 USD/tpa, 5490.2 USD/tpa, and 9608.5 USD/tpa. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine parameters that affect exergy and cost. The SMR process is the most competitive in terms of exergy efficiency, product cost, and operability, without considering makeup facilities.

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusion Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BIAYA PEMASARAN MENURUT JENIS PRODUK TERHADAP LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN ROTI MEGA SARI BAKERY KEBUMEN

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Neni Kristanti
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Product Marketing ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Marketing costs include all costs incurred since the finished product until the product produced is converted back to cash. Thus marketing costs include the costs of warehousing, advertisement, sale, packaging and packing, credit and billing, accounting and marketing. Therefore, the cost of marketing the company became an important part of the overall costs incurred by the company, because of the importance of marketing costs for the company, the author helps the company to know which products are higher marketing costs and remedy know which product is better in improving the company's net profit according to types of products. Authors conducted a study on company Mega Sari Bakery Kebumen. The company sells ten bakery products with different prices. therefore great to find a great marketing costs and profits of each product cost analysis by type of product marketing at the company Mega Sari Bakery Kebumen, so that the product is known to have the highest marketing costs of ten products are bales while the highest profit on a cream product jumbo cheese because of high levels of sales proceeds.

Using Homer Software for Cost Analysis of Stand-Alone Power Generation for Small Scale Industry in Nigeria: A Case Study Lumatec Aluminium Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Luqman Raji ◽  
Zhigilla Y.I ◽  
Wadai J
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Nigeria is one of developing countries in the world that experience shortage of electricity for her economic and social development. In Nigeria, most of the small-scale industries use diesel/petrol-based systems to generate their electricity. However, due to the cost fluctuation of oil and gas fuel, an alternative power generation should be considered. This paper targets to examine the cost analysis of system for supplying electricity to LUMATEC Aluminium products shop in Mubi, Adamawa state Nigeria. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) is used as a tool for cost analysis. The scenario consider in this study was only stand-alone with battery system. Results revealed that the system have 10kW PV with cost of electricity (COE) of $0.312/kW. The initial capital cost and total net present cost (NPC) are $21.775 and $26.148 respectively, with payback period of 5.8years. In conclusion, this study provides the solution of power supply to the small-scale industries at cost effective and available throughout the year and it is feasible to solve the small-scale industries, rural and urban electricity supplying in this country (Nigeria). It is recommended that Nigerian Government & Law makers should promotes the use of standalone PV system for domestic and small-scale industry by providing financial assistance through soft loans, subsides and grants.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Kamrupa Compared to Local Chicken Production in Assam under Backyard System of Rearing

2021 ◽  
pp. 408-413
Author(s):  
Ashim Kr. Saikia ◽  
G. Gogoi ◽  
M. Neog
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Poultry House ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Local Chicken ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

Aims: The programme was undertaken to study the economic analysis of Kamrupa and local chicken in Dhemaji district of Assam under backyard system of rearing. Study Design: The data on various expenses and returns thus collected were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis as per the methods described by [1].    Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Sissiborgaon, Dhemaji and Jonai development blocks of Dhemaji district during the period January, 2018 to July, 2019 by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhemaji. Methodology: For the purpose thirty numbers of farmwomen from three different development blocks, thus a total of ninety numbers of farmwomen, of Dhemaji district were selected on the basis of their early experience in keeping local poultry along with Kamrupa chicken at backyard system. Items of cost included fixed cost e.g. land and building, equipments and variable costs e.g. cost of day-old chick, cost of feed, vaccine, medicine, labour, depreciation in poultry shed and miscellaneous cost. Return items included eggs, cocks and spent hens. Results: The cost of labour accounted for 72.44 percent of the total cost of production of Kamrupa chicken followed by feed cost (9.79%), chick cost (7.21%) and depreciation of poultry house (6.44%) up to 18 months of age. The total cost of production up to 72 weeks of age was found to be higher in Kamrupa (Rs. 3,882.48) than its local counterpart (Rs. 3,512.48). The maximum amount of income was contributed by selling of eggs (46.60%) followed by sale of cocks (26.76%) and sale of spent hens (26.64) in case of local chicken. The benefit-cost (B:C) ratio in Kamrupa and local chicken were recorded as 2.64 and 2.14, respectively, in the present study. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that the small scale Kamrupa rearing is a profitable venture for farmwomen in the state of Assam.

Distillation Cost Calculations of Various Designs of Conventional Solar Still Systems

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Single Plate ◽  
Cost Calculations ◽  
The Cost

On the basis of experimental results obtained during performance evaluation of five types of solar stills, kept in outdoor conditions on a single plate form, the cost of distilled water produced have been calculated by using a uniform cost analysis method. The experiments were performed at I.I.T. Delhi, India during year 2001–2002 under summer and winter, both the climatic conditions. It can be concluded that the cost of distilled water produced from a multiwick double slope solar still is lesser than other solar stills due to higher yield/hour. However for small scale purposes, multiwick single slope solar still is better option.

scholarly journals Crucial areas of the economic analysis of public cancer care

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-317
Author(s):  
D. A. Andreev ◽  
K. I. Polyakova ◽  
A. A. Zavyalov ◽  
T. N. Ermolaeva ◽  
A. G. Fisun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. The economic aspects of providing cancer care to the public attract increasing attention of scientists, economists, physicians and other healthcare professionals. Currently, the healthcare economics of oncological institutions is defined as part of the national economy that implements cancer care programs and provide a wide range of medical and pharmaceutical services to the public.Aim. The study was conducted as part of the program for improvement of financial spending in order to facilitate cancer care for Moscow residents. The aim of this study was to identify the crucial areas of the cost analysis and thus improve the public health service.Materials and methods. We used the methodology of targeted and consistent search of the literature. The data search and analysis was carried out using the US National Medical Library (PubMed database), National Electronic Library (e-LIBRARY, Russia), and other Internet resources. Whenever possible, articles on the most common and socially significant types of cancer (breast, colon, prostate, lung etc.) were selected. In addition, we focused on significant studies conducted either on the national or international level.Results and discussion. In principle, the structure of total costs is determined by the health policy regarding the cancer care system. Six main areas of oncological care that require careful economic analysis have been identified: those are prevention, oncoscreening, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. In order to implement the economic goals of the healthcare system, the cost of cancer treatment should be discussed. The relevant programs are expected to be based on 1) prevalence and incidence; 2) impact on health; 3) results of the integrative methodological approach to cancer treatment; 4) implementation of comprehensive measures of medical and social assistance; 5) use of financial mechanisms and their impact on economic indicators.Conclusion. The set of measures related to the direct costs as identified in this study include the development, planning and provision of cancer care. These specific features of the direct cost analysis are important for organizing medical care in oncological institutions.

TDABC for a manufacturing environment: A case study

Tékhne ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
Ashwin B. Ganorkar ◽  
Ramesh R. Lakhe ◽  
Kamalkishor N. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Product Cost ◽  
Costing System ◽  
Traditional Costing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company

Abstract Costing system is an essential part of a company. Determining the accurate cost of a product or service is extremely important for the profitability and performance of a company. Over the years, different approaches and models have been developed to estimate the cost of the product manufactured. However, their models were found to be inadequate in the correct value of the product cost. In the last decade, activity-based costing (ABC) has been successfully adopted by many companies worldwide. Nonetheless, because of its high maintenance and setup cost, it has been abandoned and a new time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) model has been developed. Though adopted by many large scale-manufacturing industries, TDABC has not been implemented in small scale manufacturing companies due to unavailability of resources and also ignorance about its implementation. This paper presents a model for the application of TDABC in the small scale manufacturing industry. The model is implemented in a furniture manufacturing company for the estimation of product cost. The cost obtained from the TDABC is compared with the traditional costing system and established the accuracy of TDABC over the traditional costing system. Along with the case study, this paper also discusses the different data results obtained from TDABC and its utility for the managers and the decision makers.

Identyfikacja kosztów pogorszenia reputacji przedsiębiorstwa z perspektywy interesariuszy

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Danuta Szwajca ◽  
Alina Rydzewska ◽  
Tomasz Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company ◽  
Crisis Situations

In the realities of modern economy even the best-managed company is not able to avoid threats and bad decisions, that can cause a crisis. Each crisis situation, that a company experiences, generates not only measurable economic costs, but also more difficult to assess and measure costs of a deteriorated reputation. These costs are the result of infringement of interests or failing to satisfy different stakeholders expectations. The aim of this article is an attempt to identify the cost of reputation deterioration in the context of the various interests of stakeholders groups. In the first part, the paper presents the effects of good and bad reputation, the reputation "contamination" path in a crisis situation and a cost analysis caused by it. The second part is empirical, where the identification of crisis situations measurable costs and reputation deterioration based on the examples of three selected companies was performed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

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