Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Risk of Cerebral Infarction in Northwest Han Chinese Population

Background: The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variation may be involved in the development of Cerebral Infarction (CI). Serum lipid levels are known risk factors for CI, but the effect of the ApoE gene polymorphism on lipid metabolism remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the role of ApoE genotypes in CI risk and the relationships between ApoE gene polymorphism and serum lipid levels among the population of northwest China.patients and methods: 517 CI patients and 517 non-CI controls were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction and hybridization were used to test the ApoE gene polymorphisms.results: Patients with CI had a significantly higher frequency of ε3/ε4 genotype (OR =2.057, 95% CI = 1.477–2.864, P<0.001) and ε4 allele (OR =1.818, 95% CI = 1.364–2.424, P<0.001) than control participants. When stratifying by age and sex, it was found that statistically significant differences in the distribution and frequencies of the ε3/ε4 genotype(OR =3.067, 95% CI = 1.675–5.614, P<0.001 in age ≤60 years; OR =1.735, 95% CI = 1.156–2.604, P=0.008 in age >60 years and OR =2.206, 95% CI = 1.474–3.301, P<0.001 in males) and ε4 allele (OR =1.709, 95% CI = 1.201–2.432, P=0.001) in males and ε4 allele (OR =2.072, 95% CI = 1.281–3.353, P=0.003 in age ≤60 years; OR =1.704, 95% CI = 1.189–2.444, P=0.003 in age>60 years; OR =1.709, 95% CI = 1.201–2.432, P=0.001 in males and OR =2.046, 95% CI = 1.246–3.361, P=0.004 in females ) were observed between patients and controls. ε4 carriers had significantly lower ApoE level and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoB and ApoB/ApoA-I levels than ε2 carriers in both two groups. Additionally, control participants with ε4 carriers had significantly higher levels of lipoprotein and lower total cholesterol (TC) levels than ε2 carriers, CI patients with ε4 carriers had significantly lower level of ApoA-I than ε2 carriers. After adjusting for other established risk factors, drinking, hypertension, lipoprotein, triglycerides (TG) and ε4 allele were significant independent risk factor for CAD. ε4 allele presence was associated with a nearly two-fold higher CI risk.Conclusions: This study provides evidence that ε4 allele, drinking, hypertension, lipoprotein and TG levels are independent risk factor for CI among patients in Northwest China. Also, these data might be clinically useful in allowing for more individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies.

APOE E4 is associated with hyperlipidemia and obesity in elderly schizophrenic patients

Obesity is a critical issue in patients with schizophrenia, which is considered to be brought about by both environmental and genetic factors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, however, the effect of APOE gene polymorphism on obesity has never been investigated in Chinese aging with schizophrenia. This cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of obesity on cognitive and psychiatric symptoms in elderly participants with schizophrenia. At the same time, we also discussed the inner link between APOE E4 and obesity. 301 elderly participants with schizophrenia and 156 normal controls were included in the study. Their cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and APOE gene polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of obesity in elderly schizophrenic patients and healthy controls accounted for 15.9% (48/301) and 10.3% (16/156), respectively, with no statistically significant difference. By using stepwise linear regression analysis, we found that elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were risk factors for obesity in elderly schizophrenic patients. Although there was no direct correlation between APOE E4 and obesity in patients with schizophrenia, it was significantly correlated with hyperlipemia(r = − 0.154, p = 0.008), suggesting that APOE E4 may induce obesity in elderly patients with schizophrenia through hyperlipemia, However, the above conclusions do not apply to the normal elderly. What’s more, we did not find a link between obesity and cognitive function or mental symptoms for both patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. APOE E4 is associated with hyperlipidemia in elderly schizophrenic patients, which may be a risk factor for obesity, however, the above conclusion does not apply to the normal elderly.

Association of Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism with Lipid Profile and Ischemic Stroke Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background. Altered lipid profiles have consistently been linked to cerebrovascular events. Ischemic stroke (IS) was a common comorbid condition established in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene which has a notably critical function in lipoprotein metabolism is believed as one of the potential candidate genes susceptible to IS complications in T2DM. This research aimed to determine the association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism with lipid profile and IS risk in T2DM patients. Methods. This case-control study involved a total of 60 diabetic participants divided into two groups with and without IS. ApoE was genotyped using PCR and sequencing analysis. Results. The most predominant genotype observed in 27 participants (45%) was E3/E3. Lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were found in ε2 carriers ( p = 0.003 ; 95% CI −23.35–−4.89) and ε4 carriers ( p = 0.019 ; 95% CI 1.38–14.55) compared to ε3 homozygotes. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels had no association with ApoE gene polymorphism in this study. ApoE gene polymorphism was not related to IS in T2DM ( p = 0.06 ; adjusted OR: 4.71; 95% CI 0.93–23.79). Conclusions. ApoE ε2 and ε4 carriers were associated with lower levels of HDL-C. No association was identified between ApoE gene polymorphism and IS in T2DM patients.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF APOE GENE POLYMORPHISM AND THE RISK OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN THE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE NEUROIMAGING INITIATIVE STUDY

Background: It is inconclusive on how apolipoprotein epsilon (APOE) gene polymorphism is associated with the risk of having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objectives: To investigate how APOE genotype is associated with the risk of MCI or AD using the data collected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to analyze the baseline data collected from the 1,720 ADNI participants. APOE gene polymorphism was analyzed on how they are related to the risk of cognitive impairments of either MCI or AD using a percent yield (PY) method. Then cognitive functions were compared among six different APOE genotypes using a two-way ANCOVA by controlling possible confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of six APOE genotypes in 1,720 participants is as following: e2/e2 (0.3%), e2/e3 (7.4%), e3/e3 (45.4%), e2/e4 (2%), e3/e4 (35%) and e4/e4 (9.9%). The e2/e2 and e4/e4 genotypes were associated with the lowest and the highest risk respectively for cognitive impairments of either MCI or AD. Further, a worse cognitive diagnosis was associated with an increasing number of APOE e4 allele in a dose dependent manner. Participants with genotype e3/e3 had a better memory measure than those with the genotype of e3/e4. Conclusions: APOE gene polymorphism is associated with different level of risks for cognitive impairments. The heterozygous genotype e3/e4 is associated with a worse memory function compared to the genotype of e3/e3. Further investigations are needed to intervene the cognitive deteriorations in those with at risk APOE genotypes.

Association of ApoE Gene Polymorphisms With Cardio-cerebrovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Chinese Population

Objective: To analyze and study the relationship between ApoE gene polymorphism and cardio-cerebrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in the Chinese Population. Methods: From January 2018 to January 2019, 1140 patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were selected as the case group, including 590 patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) and 550 patients with cerebral infarction(CI), and 1198 patients with type 2 diabetes without complications during the same period were selected as the control group. General baseline data of the two groups were collected, such as gender, age, course of disease, lipid profile, HbA1C, BMI, blood pressure, carotid plaque and complications. ApoE genotypes were identified in all participants who participated in the study.Results: This study showed that the ApoE genotypes in both the case group and the control group had the highest frequency of E3/E3. The E3/E4 genotype frequency and E4 allele frequency in the case group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the case group, the frequency of E2/E3 and E3/E4 genotypes of CI group was lower than that of CHD group, while the frequency of E3/E3 genotype was higher than that of CHD group. TC and LDL-c levels were significantly increased in patients with ApoE E3/E4 genotype(P<0.05). ApoE genotype E3/E4 was more associated with carotid plaque than E2/E3. ApoE genotype and ApoE allele were positively correlated with TC and LDL-c levels (P<0.05).Logistic regression results show that ApoE gene polymorphism is associated with cardio-cerebrovascular complications in T2DM patients. ApoE E3/E4 genotype and allele E4 may be risk factors for T2DM patients with cardio-cerebrovascular complications.Conclusion: ApoE E3/E4 genotypes and T2DM patients carrying E4 allele have a higher risk of cardio-cerebrovascular complications than other genotypes. ApoE E2 allele has a certain protective effect , however E4 allele may be a risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular complications in T2DM patients, and its mechanism may be related to the effect of ApoE gene on lipid metabolism.