8050 議題之考量—由社會轉變及傳統家庭結構分析—

<p>日本因進入快速老化的社會，故浮現年長者須面對的社會問題，同時，因社會及經濟系統的去穩定作用，例如嚴厲失業環境或學校或工作場合與他人的增強競爭，開始有人因沒有對社會生活的適應能力而窩居家中、隔絕於社會，這些人被稱為繭居族。當他們退出社會且窩在家中愈久，年紀漸增也失去獲得自撐所需要的技能，因而造成 80 餘歲的父母要用其退休金去支撐其 50 餘歲的孩子，此稱為 8050 議題。</p> <p>社福組織及研究者主要論辯點在於快速轉變的社會如何形成繭居族以及其行為如何影響 8050 議題，然而，因該論點聚焦於社會快速轉變，而缺乏傳統家庭結構與價值如何影響 8050 議題的可能性，日本的家庭似乎仍保留傳統習俗，而這些習俗仍影響著家庭的思維與行為。</p> <p>基於以上背景，本論文將結合快速社會轉變及傳統家庭結構與價值兩個面向之概念，以釐清 8050 議題之機轉。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Since Japan has entered into super aging society, there have appeared social problems with which elderly people have faced. Simultaneously, because of destabilization of society and economic system such as tough employment environments or intensifying competition with others in schools or working places, there were people who isolated from society and kept staying home for long time due to maladaptive response to social life. These people are called as hikikomori. As they withdrew from society and stayed their houses longer and longer, they got aged and lost the opportunity to acquire skills necessary for their self-support. As a consequence, parents in their 80s who are receiving pensions need to support their children in their 50s. This issue is called as the 8050 issue. Social service organizations and researchers mainly argue how drastic social transformation produce hikikomori and how their behaviours influence toughness of the 8050 issue. However, because of the focus on the influence by drastic social transformation, their arguments would lack the prospects about how traditional family structure and value influence the 8050 issue. Japanese family seems to remain traditional custom and such custom still affects family’s thoughts and behaviours. Due to these backgrounds, this paper will clarify the mechanism of 8050 issue with combining both of theories of drastic social transformation and concepts about traditional family structure and value.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

A multi-stem cell basis for craniosynostosis and calvarial mineralization

Craniosynostosis is a group of disorders of premature calvarial sutural fusion. An incomplete understanding of the calvarial stem cells (CSCs) that produce fusion-driving osteoblasts has limited the development of non-surgical therapeutic approaches for craniosynostosis. Here we show that both physiologic calvarial mineralization and pathologic calvarial fusion in craniosynostosis reflect the interaction of two separate stem cell lineages; a recently reported CathepsinK (CTSK) lineage CSC (CTSK+ CSC)1 and a separate Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2) lineage stem cell (DDR2+ CSC) identified in this study. Deletion of Twist1, a gene associated with human craniosynostosis2,3, solely in CTSK+ CSCs is sufficient to drive craniosynostosis, however the sites destined to fuse surprisingly display a marked depletion of CTSK+ CSCs and a corresponding expansion of DDR2+ CSCs. This DDR2+ CSC expansion is a direct maladaptive response to CTSK+ CSC depletion, as partial suture fusion occurred after genetic ablation of CTSK+ CSCs. This DDR2+ CSC is a specific fraction of DDR2+ lineage cells that displayed full stemness features, establishing the presence of two distinct stem cell lineages in the sutures, with each population contributing to physiologic calvarial mineralization. DDR2+ CSCs mediate a distinct form of endochondral ossification where an initial cartilage template is formed but the recruitment of hematopoietic marrow is absent. Direct implantation of DDR2+ CSCs into suture sites was sufficient to induce fusion, and this phenotype was prevented by co-transplantation of CTSK+ CSCs. Lastly, the human counterparts of DDR2+ CSCs and CTSK+ CSCs are present in calvarial surgical specimens and display conserved functional properties in xenograft assays. The interaction between these two stem cell populations provides a new biologic interface to modulate calvarial mineralization and suture patency.

Mechanisms of Hypercapnia-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction

Protein transcription, translation, and folding occur continuously in every living cell and are essential for physiological functions. About one-third of all proteins of the cellular proteome interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is a large, dynamic cellular organelle that orchestrates synthesis, folding, and structural maturation of proteins, regulation of lipid metabolism and additionally functions as a calcium store. Recent evidence suggests that both acute and chronic hypercapnia (elevated levels of CO2) impair ER function by different mechanisms, leading to adaptive and maladaptive regulation of protein folding and maturation. In order to cope with ER stress, cells activate unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Initially, during the adaptive phase of ER stress, the UPR mainly functions to restore ER protein-folding homeostasis by decreasing protein synthesis and translation and by activation of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy. However, if the initial UPR attempts for alleviating ER stress fail, a maladaptive response is triggered. In this review, we discuss the distinct mechanisms by which elevated CO2 levels affect these molecular pathways in the setting of acute and chronic pulmonary diseases associated with hypercapnia.

Aortic Stiffness: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Relevant Biomarkers

Aortic stiffness (AoS) is a maladaptive response to hemodynamic stress and both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and elevated AoS increases afterload for the heart. AoS is a non-invasive marker of cardiovascular health and metabolic dysfunction. Implementing AoS as a diagnostic tool is challenging as it increases with age and varies amongst races. AoS is associated with lifestyle factors such as alcohol and smoking, as well as hypertension and comorbid conditions including metabolic syndrome and its components. Multiple studies have investigated various biomarkers associated with increased AoS, and this area is of particular interest given that these markers can highlight pathophysiologic pathways and specific therapeutic targets in the future. These biomarkers include those involved in the inflammatory cascade, anti-aging genes, and the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. In the future, targeting AoS rather than blood pressure itself may be the key to improving vascular health and outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of AoS, measurement of AoS and the challenges in interpretation, associated biomarkers, and possible therapeutic avenues for modulation of AoS.

The role of moment-to-moment dynamics of perceived stress and negative affect in co-occurring ADHD and internalising symptoms

A maladaptive response to stress in individuals with high ADHD traits may be a key factor that explains the co-occurrence between ADHD symptoms and internalising problems. The current study investigates whether between-person differences in ADHD traits are associated with differences in the within-person moment-to-moment coupling of stress and negative affect; and whether these can explain between-person differences in internalising problems (N=262, median age 20). Results of a dynamic structural equation model indicated between-person differences in ADHD traits significantly moderated the coupling between stress and negative affect. Further, higher ADHD traits were associated with stronger stress carry-over and higher mean levels of negative affect. Stress carry-over and mean levels of negative affect mediated the association between ADHD and internalising problems.

STUDY OF DIC AS AN OBSTETRIC COMPLICATION AND FETO-MATERNAL OUTCOME

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs when the nely controlled process of haemostasis becomes disrupted. As a result, coagulant responses can change from being naturally protective to the host into a maladaptive response with pathological consequences. Clinically, this is reected in the increased morbidity and mortality that is associated with DIC. The recognition that DIC arises as a complication of different disease states reects the variety of ways in which clinical events can uncouple normal haemostasis.

Literature Review: Immune System and Its Relation to Depression

It has been shown that the immune system and mental status are interrelated. Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that studies these two relationships, one of the most studied is the relationship between the immune system and depression. Psychological stress can substantially increase inflammatory activity and increase risk for various health problems. Socioal-environmental conditions trigger biological responses that may lead to an increase in the proinflammatory phenotype which is hypothesized to be a key phenomenon driving the pathophysiology and relapse of depression, as well as the overlap of depression with several somatic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration. The immune system and depression have a bidirectional link that influences each other. Exposure to chronic stressful situations can cause a maladaptive response by the immune system, which will be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.

Expanding Protection Motivation Theory to Explain Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Taiwanese University Students

Vaccination appears to be one of the effective strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the challenge of vaccine hesitancy may lower the uptake rate and affect overall vaccine efficacy. Being a low-risk group in terms of serious consequences of infection, university students may possess low motivation to get vaccinated. Therefore, an expanded Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) incorporating perceived knowledge, adaptive response, and maladaptive response was proposed to investigate the COVID-19 vaccination intention among Taiwanese university students. University students (n = 924; 575 males; mean age = 25.29 years) completed an online survey during January to February 2021. The proposed expanded PMT model was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that perceived knowledge was significantly associated with coping appraisal (standardized coefficient (β) = 0.820; p < 0.001), and coping appraisal was significantly associated with adaptive response (β = 0.852; p < 0.001), maladaptive response (β = 0.300; p < 0.001) and intention (β = 0.533; p = 0.009). Moreover, maladaptive response (β = −0.173; p = 0.001) but not adaptive response (β = 0.148; p = 0.482) was significantly and negatively associated with intention. The present study’s results demonstrated a positive path between perceived knowledge, coping appraisal, and intention among university students. Therefore, improving knowledge among this population may increase the intention to uptake the vaccine.