Multivariate Analysis of Vehicular Emissions in Parts of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

The focus of this study is to monitor the incidence of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City in addition to studying the spatial variation of the pollutant using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Seven (7) georeferenced sampling points were employed for data collection and gaseous pollutants such as; dinitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) including the total radiation were monitored in the morning and evening for 35 days with the aid of portable toxic gas monitors and radiation alert meters. Also measured were maximum temperature and wind speed using infra-red thermometers and portable anemometer respectively. From the result, it was observed that for temperature, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 30.549 ± 1.3716 and during evening season it was 28.879 ± 1.1788. For NO2, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.0181 ± 0.01119 and during evening season it was 0.0230 ± 0.01282. For CO, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.5428 ± 0.36396 and during evening season it was 0.6169 ± 0.32395. For total radiation, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.247 ± 0.1285 and during evening season it was 0.281 ± 0.1298. On the significance difference of the overall results, it was revealed that the difference in concentration of vehicular emissions during the early hours of the morning and peak hours of evening is significant. With a calculated partial Eta squared based on Pillai’s trace of 0.325, it was concluded that; there exist about 32.50% variability among the dependent variables.

KEANEKARAGAMAN HERPETOFAUNA DIURNAL DI KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG MERBABU (Diversity of Diurnal Herpetofauna in Gunung Merbabu National Park)

The diversity of diurnal herpetofauna has an essential role in the ecosystem and is used as an indicator of environmental quality. This study aimed to determine the diversity of herpetofauna species in the southeast slope of the Gunung Merbabu National Park (GMbNP), which is in Ampel Sub-District, Boyolali District, Central Java. The method used in this study was Visual Encounter Survey (VES) in the transect determined purposively around the river, which can become a herpetofauna habitat. Data were collected in the morning session (08.00-14.00 WIB) for six times. This research found 16 species of herpetofauna, as follows: Ahaetulla prasina, Bronchocela jubata, Chalcorana chalconota, Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, Dendrelaphis pictus, Eutropis multifasciata, Gekko gecko, Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus, Leptobrachium hasselti, Megophrys montana, Odorrana hosii, Polypedates leucomystax, Pseudocalotes tympanistriga, Ptyas korros, Python reticulatus, dan Trimeresurus albolabris. The calculation of the level of diversity with the Shannon-Weiner Index showed a value of 2.772 which can be interpreted to have a moderate level of diversity. It implies that the environmental condition of GMbNP is good enough to support herpetofauna species sustainability. Abstrak Keanekaragaman herpetofauna mempunyai peranan dalam ekosistem dan digunakan sebagai salah satu parameter kualitas lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman spesies herpetofauna di lereng tenggara kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu (TNGMb), yang secara administratif termasuk Kecamatan Ampel, Kabupaten Boyolali, Jawa Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Visual Encounter Survey (VES) pada transek yang ditentukan secara purposive di sekitar sungai dan berpotensi menjadi habitat herpetofauna. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada siang hari (pukul 08.00-14.00 WIB) sebanyak enam kali. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 16 spesies herpetofauna, yaitu: Ahaetulla prasina, Bronchocela jubata, Chalcorana chalconota, Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, Dendrelaphis pictus, Eutropis multifasciata, Gekko gecko, Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus, Leptobrachium hasselti, Megophrys montana, Odorrana hosii, Polypedates leucomystax, Pseudocalotes tympanistriga, Ptyas korros, Python reticulatus, dan Trimeresurus albolabris. Hasil analisis keanekaragaman indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Weiner menunjukkan nilai 2,772 yang dapat ditafsirkan memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman sedang. Hal ini mengimplikasikan bahwa kondisi lingkungan TNGMb masih cukup baik dalam mendukung kelestarian herpetofauna.

Performance Evaluation of Outpatient Department Waiting Line System in a City Hospital in Nigeria

In this paper, performance evaluation of outpatient department waiting line system in a city hospital in Nigeria has been studied using a multiple server queuing model. The relevant data used in the research were collected for a period of four weeks through direct observations and interviews. The results of the research showed that with Two Doctors for the morning session patients spent an average of 1.0233hours in the system, out of which 0.932hours are spent on the queue with 95.45% Doctor Utilization. When the numbers of the Doctors were increased to 3, 4 and 5, it was found that a patient will spend an average of 0.125hours, 0.0975 hours and 0.0924hours in the system respectively. In each of the 3, 4 and 5 Doctors increased, the system will have 63.64%, 47.73% and 38.18% Doctors utilization respectively. With one Doctor for the evening session, the system has 54.55% Doctor Utilization and patient spent0.2hours in the system. The overall results showed that there is need to increase the number of Doctors to 3 or 4 for the morning session to achieved optimal service delivery while one Doctor in the evening session should be maintained. The results from the research could serves as important information to the management of the hospital for better services delivery. Keywords: Doctors, Patient, Doctor Utilization, Queuing model, Evaluation

CME (Continuing Medical Education) & CMS (Combined Morning Session) January-June 2020

not available Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.19 (2); July 2020; Page 63

Bioaerosol Assessment of Selected Offices within a Polytechnic

Aim: Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the built environment and their presence has been documented to have adverse effect on the users of such buildings. This study was conducted to assess the Bioaerosol concentrations of selected offices. Study Design: A random sampling technique was adopted to select the eight (8) offices for the study based on accessibility and visitation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in selected offices within Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, Port Harcourt. Methodology: Sedimentation technique was employed for the assessment involving Nutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar. The analysis was replicated thrice for both morning and afternoon sessions Results: The results reveal that the mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 5.85 x 103cfu/m3 (SUG Office) to 3.80 x 104 cfu/m3 (Lecturer Office 2) for the morning session while the afternoon session ranged from 1.13 x 104 cfu/m3 (SUG Office) to 6.54 x 104 cfu/m3 (Lecturer Office 2). The mean total coliform counts for the morning session ranged from 1.17 x 104 cfu/m3 (ICE Office) to 4.07 x 104 cfu/m3 (Lecturer Office 2) while the afternoon session ranged from 7.87 x 103 cfu/m3 (Admission Office) to 2.40 x 104 cfu/m3 (DSA Office). The mean total fungal counts ranged from 1.24 x 104 cfu/m3 (DSA Office) to 3.91 x 104 cfu/m3 (CSO Office) for the morning session while the afternoon session ranged from 8.87 x 103 cfu/m3 (CSO office) to 5.13 x 104 cfu/m3 (Lecturer Office 2). Conclusion: This shows that the selected offices in Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic are being affected by the airborne bacteria and fungi higher than the recommended limit of 103 cfu/m3. This can result in health challenges of the staff and students thereby reducing productivity, hence a need to control factors that increase the presence of bioaerosols and ensure good sanitary practices in offices.

The Godly Community

Not all of the members of the Leiden congregation had come to Plymouth in the initial settlement attempt. John Robinson remained with those in the Netherlands for the time, leaving lay elder William Brewster as the spiritual guide for the Plymouth congregation. Sunday services consisted of a morning session of prayer, scripture readings, and a sermon and discussion of those texts, concluding with psalm singing. The afternoon service was similar but with a session of prophesying that allowed the congregants to focus on a particular issue. Sermons frequently urged a social gospel upon the listeners, encouraging them to put the needs of others above their selfish interests. During much of the 1620s there was no provision for baptism or the Lord’s Supper because there was no ordained minister and it was determined that Brewster as elder could not officiate at the sacraments. Following the Dutch model, marriage was a civil rather than a religious ceremony.

An investigation of the effects of self-reported self-control strength on shooting performance

During professional shooting tournaments, which typically last multiple hours, athletes must stay focused at all times in order to perform at their highest levels. Sustaining attention over extended periods of time relies on self-control. Crucially, perceived state self-control strength appears to wane as a function of task duration, which ultimately can impair shooting performance. In the present study, we tested the assumption that the level of self-reported self-control strength decreases over the course of a 1-hour shooting task measured twice during a regular training day and separated by a 2-hour break. Additionally, we assumed that shooting performance would be linked with fluctuations in self-control. A total of 21 shooters (14 elite and 7 sub-elite) took part in this study and were asked to perform a series of 10 shots at a standardized target, five times in the morning and five times in the afternoon (i.e., 100 shots total). The participants also reported their perceived state self-control strength at the baseline (prior to the start of the morning session as well as the afternoon session) and after a series of 10 shots each in the morning and afternoon (i.e., 12 measurements in total). In line with our hypotheses, we observed that perceived state self-control diminished with the number of shots performed, and that perceived state self-control could explain shooting performance. Additionally, these observations could explain the difference in shooting performance between elite and sub-elite athletes. The results suggest that the perception of self-control strength is highly important for optimal shooting performance. Practical implications are discussed.

Milking management practices and IMI in Jersey crossbred cows in changing scenario

Experiment was conducted on Jersey crossbred cows (12) to compare 2 management practices viz. hand andmachine milking. Field investigations were also carried out on other milking management practices, IMI, hygienestatus and cleanliness in 3 stages. A total of 459 milk samples were analysed. Farm experimentation revealed thatSCC and MCMT were significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machine milking management. Butmilk yield and milk extraction rate were significantly lower in hand milking as compared to machine milkingmanagement. The time required for milking/animal was significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machinemilking management. The morning and evening milk samples of both hand and machine milking showed highervalues of SCC, MCMT, pH during evening as compared to morning session but milk yield and milk extraction ratewere lower during evening as compared to morning session whereas time required for milking/animal was higherin morning as compared to evening time. Almost similar trend of fat and SNF (%) were estimated in both milkingsession. Field investigation indicated that SCC, MCMT, pH were higher in IMI animal as compared to no-IMIanimal whereas fat and SNF were lower in IMI animal as compared to no IMI animal. Teat dipping and screeningof udders for mastitis were never followed by any farmer. Most of farmer having single cow, maintained goodhygiene status and cleanliness but most of the farmer having >3 cows, maintained poor hygiene status. Farmexperimentation concluded that the IMI can be reduced in machine milking practices in comparison to hand milkingpractices with higher milk quantity without affecting milk composition in Jersey crossbred cows. Field investigationconcluded that there is a significant association between animal keeping pattern and hygiene status/cleanliness atstudy area. So efforts should be made to increase cleanliness and hygiene status in milking cows itself, housing ofanimal and milkers of farmer’s house to reduce incidence of IMI in changing scenario.