Application of Plantaricin as an Antimicrobial Substrate in the Milking Process to Maintain Milk Quality in Smallholder Dairy Farm

Pathogenic bacterial contamination found in fresh cow's milk can be caused by poor milking management. This traditional milking process allows the milk to be contaminated from bacteria and dirt. Dyeing dairy cows using a commercial antiseptic is a common measure that can be done to prevent mastitis. Nipple immersion can be done after milking using synthetic antiseptic agents such as povidone iodine and chlorine. However, the use of synthetic antiseptics can actually cause a slight irritation and allergic effect and leave a residue. Therefore, it is hoped that the use of natural-based antiseptics can replace synthetic antiseptics. One of the natural based antiseptics that can be used is bacteriocin. This research aimed to analyze the application of the plantaricin IIA-1A5 as a substitute for synthetic antibacterial for teat dipping before milking namely microbiological tests, physicochemical tests, and pH measurements. The study was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment design consisted of control (without immersion), plantaricin 0.0074%, and povidone iodine 0.2%. Results showed application of plantaricin IIA-1A5 as teat dipping before milking can reduce the Total Plate Count, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> population. The use of plantaricin IIA-1A5 as teat dipping did not change pH value and physicochemical quality (fat, SNF, lactose, and protein), which is below the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) about fresh milk. This ability is comparable to the iodine group, a synthetic antibacterial widely used by smallholder breeders in Indonesia. It is concluded that plantaricin IIA-1A5 can be used as a substitute for synthetic antibacterial (iodine group) for teat dipping before milking.

PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS, ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN CATTLE IN MULTAN, PAKISTAN

Mastitis is the most widespread and economically important disease of dairy sector worldwide. The present research was, therefore intended to establish the prevalence of mastitis in and around the Multan district. A total of 100 dairy cows were randomly sampled during the period from July 2018 to October 2018 from different local dairy farms at Multan. After screening with California Mastitis Test, milk samples from mastitic animals were cultured and subjected to microbiological examination.The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cows was 38% and quarter-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 36.20%.. Mastitis in front left quarters was 34.40%, right front quarters 31.60%, while left rare quarters 41% and right rear quarters 38%. Bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Enterococci, Salmonella, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas were isolated from infected samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the top-ranking isolated bacteria followed by Strept. Agalactiae and E. coli. The lack of proper milking techniques and no teat dipping were the most significantly associated risk factors. In the current study, E. coli isolates were sensitive to Gentamycine, Streptomycin, Chlororamphenicol and Kanamycin while resistant to Vancomycin and Penicillin. Similarly, S. aureus was extremely susceptible to Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin and Kanamycin but resistant to Tetracycline and Penicillin. It was concluded that subclinical mastitis was widely prevalent in Multan city. This study will help the farmers to adopt effective measures to control mastitis regarding the risk factors.

Effects of Pre-Parturient Iodine Teat Dip Applications on Modulating Aversive Behaviors and Mastitis in Primiparous Cows

Heifers and their human handlers are at risk for decreased welfare during the early lactation period. This experiment investigated pre-parturient teat dipping and parlor acclimation to reduce mastitis and aversive behaviors in early lactation heifers. Three weeks prior to calving, heifers were randomly assigned to receive either: (1) a weekly 1.0% iodine-based teat dip in the parlor (trained; n = 37) or (2) no treatment (control; n = 30). For the first 3 days of lactation, heifers were milked twice daily, and treatment-blinded handlers assessed behaviors and clinical mastitis. Aseptic quarter milk samples were collected within 36 h of calving and analyzed for pathogens. Control heifers had (OR ± SE) 2.2 ± 0.6 times greater (p < 0.01) odds of kicking during milking. Trained heifers had (OR ± SE) 1.7 ± 0.4 times greater (p = 0.02) odds of being very calm during milking, while control heifers had 2.2 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 2.1 times greater (p < 0.04) odds of being restless and very restless or hostile during milking, respectively. Quarters of control heifers had (OR ± SE) 5.4 ± 3.4 greater (p < 0.01) odds of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection, yet clinical mastitis was similar among treatments. The results indicate that teat dipping in the parlor weekly for 3 weeks before calving may alleviate some aversive milking behaviors and protect against early lactation S. aureus intramammary infections.

Pengaruh Teat Dip dan Suplemen Temulawak terhadap Tingkat Peradangan Ambing Sapi Mastitis Subklinis

Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh treatment teat dipping dan pemberian suplemen pakan tepung temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) terhadap tingkat peradangan kelenjar ambing dan pH susu sapi perah laktasi penderita mastitis. Materi yang digunakan adalah 12 ekor sapi perah Friesian Holstein (FH) penderita mastitis subklinis. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah percobaan RAK split plot dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan yang diterapkan yaitu T0 = sebagai kontrol, T1 = suplemen temulawak 1% BK, T2 = antiseptik teat dipping temulawak 5% dan T3 = suplemen temulawak 1% BK + antiseptik teat dipping temulawak 5%. Parameter yang diamati meliputi tingkat peradangan kelenjar ambing dengan California Mastitis Test (CMT) dan pH susu menggunakan kertas pH. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam/ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) dan jika hasil signifikan dilakukan uji lanjut wilayah berganda Duncan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan perlakuan dan lama perlakuan berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap skor CMT dan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH (P>0,05). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sapi perah penderita mastitis yang mendapat treatment teat dipping, suplemen pakan tepung temulawaak maupun kombinasi keduanya mampu menurunkan tingkat peradangan.

Pengaruh Dekok Daun Sirih (Piper betle L) Sebagai Bahan Teat Dipping pada Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein

Daun sirih merupakan tanaman herbal yang banyak manfaat dan memiliki antibakteri yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui penggunaan dekok daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai bahan teat dipping terhadap persentase penurunan CMT dan TPC susu sapi FH laktasi 1, 2 dan 3 serta tingkat penggunaan dekok daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) yang dapat menurunkan jumlah bakteri paling tinggi dan mengurangi tingkat kejadian mastitis. Ternak penelitian adalah 36 ekor induk sapi perah Friesian Holstein (FH) laktasi 1, 2 dan 3. Metode penelitian menggunakan eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial yang terdiri atas 12 perlakuan dan masing-masing diulang sebanyak 3 kali . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap California Mastitis Test (CMT) dan Total Plate Count (TPC). Kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dekok daun sirih 50% dan 60% menghasilkan paling efektif terhadap penurunan persentase CMT dan TPC, serta periode laktasi tidak mempengaruhi dalam penurunan persentase CMT dan TPC