Firm-Level Shocks and Labor Flows

This paper analyzes how labor ows respond to permanent idiosyncratic shifts in rm-level production functions and demand curves using very detailed Swedish micro data. Shocks to rms physical productivity have only modest eects on rm-level employment decisions. In contrast, the paper documents rapid and substantial employment adjustments through hires and separations in response to rm-level demand shocks. The choice of adjustment margin depends on the sign of the shock: rms adjust through increased hires if these shocks are positive and through increased separations if the shocks are negative.

Physical Characteristics of Soil as Influenced by Integrated Organic Nutrient Management Practices - A Review

Sustaining the productivity at higher level to meet the increasing demand of food, fuel and fiber for the growing population is the key issue in Indian agriculture. Among the factors, continuous use of imbalanced fertilizers and decline in soil physical productivity and organic matter are considered responsible. To improve soil physical condition and improve organic matter status of soil, incorporation of organic sources of nutrient in combination with chemical fertilizers are recommended. This review pertinent to the present investigation has been reviewed.

Firm-Level Shocks and Labour Flows*

We analyse how labour flows respond to permanent idiosyncratic shifts in firm-level production functions and demand curves using very detailed Swedish micro data. Shocks to firms’ physical productivity have only modest effects on firm-level employment decisions. In contrast, we document rapid and substantial employment adjustments through hires and separations in response to firm-level demand shocks. The choice of adjustment margin depends on the sign of the shock: firms adjust through increased hires if these shocks are positive and through increased separations if the shocks are negative.

INFLUÊNCIA DE ÉPOCAS DE PLANTIO NA EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA DA CHUVA EM CULTIVO IRRIGADO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

INFLUÊNCIA DE ÉPOCAS DE PLANTIO NA EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA DA CHUVA EM CULTIVO IRRIGADO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR THAIS NASCIMENTO MENESES¹ E RONALDO SOUZA RESENDE² ¹Mestre em Recursos Hídricos, PRORH/UFS- São Cristóvão, SE, [email protected].²Pesquisador da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju, SE, professor colaborador do PRORH/UFS- São Cristóvão, SE. 1 RESUMO A otimização da água de irrigação pode ser alcançada com base na época de plantio que resulte no maior aproveitamento da água da precipitação, através da sincronização das fases fenológicas de maior demanda hídrica da cultura com a estação de maior disponibilidade hídrica. Este estudo visou avaliar o efeito de cinco épocas de plantio que resulte no maior aproveitamento da água da chuva, maximização da produtividade agroindustrial e eficiência do uso da água em cultivo irrigado de cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um com a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB92579 e outro com a RB962962, em área da Usina Coruripe, Alagoas. O delineamento estatístico dos experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos constituídos pelas épocas de plantio em outubro (E1), novembro (E2), dezembro (E3) de 2012; janeiro (E4) e fevereiro (E5) de 2013, com quatro repetições. Analisou-se ao final do primeiro ciclo de cultivo a produtividade em toneladas de colmos (TCH) e toneladas de açúcar (TAH) por hectare, e o açúcar total recuperável (ATR) das variedades de cana-de-açúcar, bem como, a eficiência de uso da água, em relação à água que entrou no sistema de produção, seja incluindo a chuva efetiva [EUA(Pe+I)] ou a precipitação total [EUA(P+I)]. O plantio em novembro maximizou o aproveitamento de água da precipitação. As épocas de plantio E1, E2 e E4 resultaram em maiores produtividades de colmo e de açúcar de ambas as variedades. O plantio em janeiro favoreceu o aumento da EUA, tanto em produtividade de colmo como de açúcar, enquanto a época menos favorável foi o plantio em fevereiro. A variedade RB92579 apresentou resultados absolutos superiores em relação aos componentes de produção e EUA, quando comparada a RB962962. Palavras-Chave: Saccharum ssp., precipitação efetiva, irrigação plena, potencial produtivo. MENESES, T.N.; RESENDE, R.S.PLANTING PERIOD INFLUENCE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF RAIN WATER USE IN SUGAR CANE IRRIGATED CROPS 2 ABSTRACT The optimization of irrigation water can be achieved based on the planting month that results in better use of water from precipitation, by synchronizing the phenological phases of higher crop water demand with higher rainwater availability season. This study aims to evaluate the effect of five planting month that results in better use of water from precipitation, maximizing the agro-industrial productivity and rainwater use efficiency in irrigated sugarcane. In order to do so, two experiments were carried out, each with a different cultivar of sugarcane, RB92579 and RB962962, in the experimental area of the Coruripe Mill, Alagoas Sate, Brazil. The statistical delimitation was by randomized blocks design, and termed the treatments according to the planting month October (E1), November (E2), December (E3) – 2012; January (E4) and February (E5) – 2013) with four repetitions, based in variety. In the end of the first cropping cycle, tons of sugarcane stalks (TSS) and tons of sugar per hectare (TSH), and total recoverable sugar (TRS), and efficiency of water use in relation to water that entered the production system, either including the effective rainfall [WUE (Pe - I)] or total precipitation [WUE (P + I)] of the varieties of sugarcane analyzed were evaluated. The sugarcane planted in November maximize the use of water from precipitation. Treatments E1, E2 and E4 resulted in higher stalks and sugar yields for both varieties. Planting January increasing WUE, both in stem stalk biomass and sugar biomass basis. February was the least favorable month of planting. The variety RB92579 presented superior results related to physical productivity and the water use efficiency, when compared to the RB962962 variety. Keywords: Saccharum ssp., efficient precipitation, full irrigation, productive potential.

Economic Use of Water in Drip-Irrigated Maize in Semi-Arid Region of Brazil

The objective of this study was to determine the economic level of drip irrigation for the crop of maize in the region of backwoods of Alagoas in Brazil, aiming at a sustainable production and economically viable. For this, the hybrid AG7088 was submitted to five irrigation levels (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200% of ETc) in an experiment developed at the Federal Institute of Alagoas/Campus Piranhas, with a randomized block design and four replications. Harvesting was carried out 98 days after planting, where grain yield with 12% moisture reached 2.1 and 11.8 Mg ha-1 and water use efficiency of 181.8 and 55.3 mm Mg-1 in treatments with 40 and 160% of ETc, respectively. The maximum a physical productivity estimated by the production function was 11.3 Mg ha-1, obtained with 919 mm of irrigation water. The maximum economic yield was 11.1 Mg ha-1, obtained with level of 841 mm (160% ETc).

Produtividade da água na bataticultura de Ibicoara na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia

<p>As alt</p><p>as necessidades hídricas na bataticultura, associada a elevados custos de produção, altos riscos característicos da atividade e perspectiva de retorno financeiro compensador fazem com que a irrigação seja prática indispensável para a obtenção de produtividade. Objetivou-se realizar uma análise da produtividade da água no cultivo irrigado de batata. Os dados foram levantados em áreas de cultivo comercial localizada na região da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Para a determinação da produtividade física da água, utilizaram-se dados de produtividade da cultura, do volume de água proveniente da precipitação adicionado ao aplicado por irrigação e da evapotranspiração da cultura nas safras 2013/2014 e 2015. A produtividade física média da água para a cultura da batata irrigada por pivô central, na região da Chapada Diamantina, BA foi de 7,22 kg m^-3 (safra 2013/2014) e 9,12 kg m^-3 (safra 2015). A produtividade econômica da água teve um incremento de produtividade da primeira para segunda safra, no entanto, ocorreram mais perdas de água na segunda do que na primeira, o que indica uma necessidade de manejo de irrigação adequado para um maior ganho econômico.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Water productivity in potato grown in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>High water requirements in bataticulture (potato crop), associated with high production costs, high risks characteristic of the activity and prospect of a compensating financial return make irrigation an indispensable practice for the attainment of productivity. The objective of this study was to conduct a water productivity analysis in irrigated potato cultivation. The data was collected in areas of commercial cultivation located in the region of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. For the determination of the physical productivity of the water, crop productivity, water volume from the precipitation added to the irrigation applied and crop evapotranspiration were used for the 2013/2014 and 2015 harvests. The average physical productivity of water for The cultivation of potato irrigated by central pivot in the Chapada Diamantina, BA region was 7.22 kg m^-3 (crop year 2013/2014) and 9.12 kg m^-3 (crop 2015). The economic productivity of water had an increase in productivity from the first to the second harvest, however, there were more water losses in the second one than in the first one, which indicates a need for adequate irrigation management for a greater economic gain.<strong> </strong></p><p><br /><strong></strong></p>

Musharka Financing for Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan

Unemployment, with other factors, leads to poverty. Poverty is an important characteristics of the developing countries including Islamic countries. Poverty causes human degradation in all aspects of life. It causes widespread diseaes and ignorance which contributes in lowering physical productivity and income level. In this way, poverty perpetuates overtime. Poverty eradication needs expansion of SMEs. SMEs need less capital and create more jobs in society. Employment opportunities increase as the SMEs spread in the country. The economic impact of SMEs can be measured by their contribution to output, employment, income, investment, export and other economic indicators. But expansion of SMEs needs flow of financial resources. Current arrangement of SMEs are linked to commercial banks. Commercial Banks do not find practicable to finance SMEs because processing case for small loans, their monitoring and recovery is costly to them. A comparison between Grameen Bank Methodology and Sudanees Islamic Bank is discussed in the paper. SMEs are financed through various institutions of Islamic financing. Among their institutions, Musharka financing is an effectiveinstument. Therefore, the paper is interested to explore the issue of Musharka financing for financing SMEs in Pakistan. The paper discusses both theoritcal and practical aspects of Musharka financing. In the above back ground this paper focuses on financial problem in the light of Islamic finance. It is the content of the paper that Islamic financial framework is better alternative to micro credit programmes. To alliviate the poverty, SMEs sector can play a better role which is facing the shortage of credit.

Sex in older age in rural Malawi

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how older adults living in rural Malawi explain and understand their sex lives. We present sex in this setting as a field in which broader understandings of ageing, aged identities, and conceptions of person- or adulthood in older age are played out and constructed. Qualitative data were collected from men (N=20) and women (N=23) aged 50 to around 90 using in-depth multiple dependent interviews (N=135) between 2008 and 2010. The giving and receipt of sexual pleasure was considered natural and God-given. Primarily understood as a matter of ‘power’, sex was on the one hand, beneficial to older bodies, but on the other, not accessible to such bodies. Declining sexual frequency was associated with declining desire for sex, or frustration stemming from continued desire for sex. These discourses emerged from the way the ageing body was constructed as a weakened body, incompatible with understandings of adulthood based on physical productivity. Older men and women used sex to discursively respond to these challenges to their adulthood in two ways. Firstly, sex was used to confirm strength, physical productivity, and therefore, identity as an ‘adult’. Secondly, adulthood itself was redefined as being based on moral, rather than physical productivity, and refraining from sex was used to demonstrate wisdom, self-control and therefore their ‘adult’ identity. Our results provide in-depth understanding of the ways constructions of ageing and sex can influence complex experiences of marital and non-marital sex in older age. We contribute to debates on sexuality in the gerontological literature by moving discussion beyond the presentation of continued sexuality as somehow exceptional or an indicator of successful ageing. Finally, in a setting of considerable HIV prevalence at older ages, our results challenge a preoccupation with fertility and chronological age in the collection of sexual health data in Africa.