Peran Keluarga Dalam Menurunkan Tanda Gejala Halusinasi Pasien Skizofrenia: Literature Review

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that has a long-term impact. One of the symptoms of schizophrenia is hallucinations. Hallucinations are perceptual disturbances in which the client perceives something that does not exist. One of the things that families do is help family members by playing a role in assisting the clients in controlling hallucinations. The study aimed to determine the role of the family in reducing the hallucination symptoms of schizophrenic patients based on the available evidence. The literature review used Scopus, Science Direct, and GARUDA databases. Articles are selected based on the suitability of keywords, topics, as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria. The appraisal instrument by Hawker was used to select high-quality evidence. The findings of this study highlighted three levels of family roles in reducing symptoms of hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. The first level, the family must be able to see the patient's needs and maintain parental closeness. The second level, the family must be able to provide financial support for patient care, the family should be involved in groups that provide support as well. The third levels, all families must develop a good relationship to help patients with hallucinations to change their attitudes and behavior. Family roles are essential in reducing symptoms of hallucination in schizophrenic patients. This evidence can be used as scientific references to be applied as nursing care interventions.Keywords: Family Roles, Hallucinations, Schizophrenia AbstrakSkizofrenia merupakan penyakit kejiwaan yang memiliki dampak jangka panjang. Salah satu tanda gejala skizofrenia adalah halusinasi. Halusinasi ialah gangguan persepsi di mana klien mempersepsikan sesuatu yang sebenarnya tidak terjadi. Salah satu yang di lakukan keluarga ialah membantu anggota keluarganya dengan cara ikut berperan membantu klien untuk bisa mengontrol halusinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran keluarga dalam menurunkan tanda gejala halusinasi pasien skizofrenia berdasarkan literatur evidence yang tersedia. Penelitian menggunakan metode literature review. Database yang digunakan untuk pencarian artikel adalah Scopus, Science Direct, dan GARUDA. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan kata kunci, topik serta kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan. Hasil penelusuran didapatkan sebanyak 5 artikel, 2 artikel berbahasa Inggris dan 3 artikel berbahasa Indonesia. Instrumen telaah kritis yang digunakan untuk menelaah kualitas artikel adalah instrumen oleh Hawker et al 2002. Terdapat temuan berupa 3 tingkatan peran keluarga dalam menurunkan tanda gejala halusinasi pasien skizofrenia : tingkatan pertama keluarga harus mampu melihat kebutuhan pasien dan mempertahankan kedekatan orangtua, Tingkatan kedua keluarga harus mampu memberikan dukungan financial untuk perawatan pasien dan terlibatan dalam kelompok yang member dukungan dan Tingkatan ketiga keluarga harus mengembangkan hubungan dengan benar untuk membantu pasien halusinasi untuk merubah sikap dan perilaku. Upaya peningkatan peran keluarga dalam menurunkan tanda gejala halusinasi pasien skizofrenia ini didapatkan dari bukti ilmiah yang valid sehingga dapat dijadikan referensi ilmiah untuk diaplikasikan sebagai intervensi asuhan keperawatan.Kata Kunci : Halusinasi, Peran Keluarga, Skizofrenia.

Persepsi Anak terhadap Kedekatan Orang Tua dengan Kecerdasan Emosi Remaja

Behaviors that show failure to manage a relationship and interact with the environment and failure to manage and control emotions more often in youth, such as rudeness, abuse of others, even self-injury. One factor that affects the emotional intelligence of a youth is the family environment especially a parent, the teen's perception of a parent's closeness that affects attitudes, views, assessments, and the quality of relationships that grow. This closeness is made by parents and youth essential to shaping emotional intelligence, as parental experience becomes the basis of emotional learning to internalize life. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a connection between a child's perception of parental closeness and the emotional intelligence of a teen. The population used was 475 high school students, sampling taken with sampling techniques of 21% a total of 100 students. Coefficient validity of the scale of a youth's emotional intelligence is acquired between 0.3307 to 0.6120 and some of its religious coefficiencies. 7391. The child's perception of a parent's closeness scale is between 0.3726 and 0.5912 and the religious coefficiencies of 0.8307. The correlation test shows rxy = 0.4007 with are table 1% = 0.256 and freg = 18,7464 with table 1% = 6.63, the more positive the child's perception of parent proximity, the higher the emotional intelligence.

Childhood maltreatment affects adolescent sensitivity to parenting and close friendships in predicting growth in externalizing behavior

Childhood maltreatment robustly predicts adolescent externalizing behaviors (EB; e.g., violence, delinquency, substance use) and may crystalize patterns of EB by influencing sensitivity to the social environment (e.g., parenting, friendships). In a nationally representative sample of 9,421 adolescents, we modeled latent growth curves of EB from age 13 to 32 years. Next, we explored whether maltreated youth differed from nonmaltreated youth in their sensitivity to parental closeness, friendship involvement, and polymorphisms from dopamine genes linked to EB (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, dopamine transporter). Overall, maltreated youth had significantly higher levels of EB across adolescence and adulthood; however, maltreated and nonmaltreated youth showed similar patterns of EB change over time: violent behavior decreased in adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood, whereas nonviolent delinquency and substance use increased in adolescence before decreasing in the transition to adulthood. Maltreatment reduced sensitivity to parental closeness and friendship involvement, although patterns varied based on type of EB outcome. Finally, none of the environmental effects on EB were significantly moderated by the dopamine polygenic risk score after accounting for multiple testing. These findings underline the enduring effects of early maltreatment and implicate that maltreatment may contribute to long-term risk for EB by influencing children's sensitivity to social relationship factors in adolescence.

Invisible Victims: Delayed Onset Depression among Adults with Same-Sex Parents

The relationship of elevated depression risk recently discovered among adult persons raised by same-sex parents with possible precipitating conditions in childhood has not previously been acknowledged. This study tests whether such inattention is supportable. Logistic regression based risk ratios were estimated from longitudinal measures of mental health outcomes observed in three waves (at ages 15, 22, and 28) of the US National Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (n=15,701). At age 28, the adults raised by same-sex parents were at over twice the risk of depression (CES-D: risk ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–4.6) as persons raised by man-woman parents. These findings should be interpreted with caution. Elevated risk was associated with imbalanced parental closeness and parental child abuse in family of origin; depression, suicidality, and anxiety at age 15; and stigma and obesity. More research and policy attention to potentially problematic conditions for children with same-sex parents appears warranted.

Suicide ideation, psychological adjustment and mental health service support: A screening study in an Irish secondary school sample

Objective: The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent of suicide ideation, psychological maladjustment and views of mental health service support in a sample of secondary school pupils.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a purposive sample of participants (n=93) recruited from a secondary school located in the south east of Ireland. Participants completed a Background Information Questionnaire (BIQ); the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ); and the Reynolds Adolescence Adjustment Screening Inventory (RAASI).Results: Approximately ten percent of participants displayed high levels of suicide ideation whilst one third reported having previously had suicidal thoughts; one quarter reported psychological adjustment difficulties, although these varied by age and sex. Participants' drug use and their levels of parental closeness were both individual factors that significantly predicted both suicide ideation and psychological adjustment. Females reported higher levels of parental closeness than males. Forty percent of respondents rated mental health support services as insufficient to meet their needs.Conclusion: The findings raise serious concerns about the extent of suicidal thoughts amongst young people in Ireland; they also highlight a potentially important role for parents in this regard. Further research should ascertain national prevalence rates whilst appropriate school-based mental health education/promotion and support services should also be implemented.