Successful treatment of advanced stage yolk sac tumour of extragonadal origin: a case report and review of literature

Background. Yolk sac tumour diagnosis should be considered for young age patients admitted to the hospital with non-specific complaints of widespread disease. Correct diagnosis and carefully planned treatment is the key to a successful outcome. Methods and materials. We present a rare case of a widespread yolk sack tumour of a uterine broad ligament. Our team directed a special attention towards the patient’s young age, advanced disease, and fertility sparing strategy of treatment. Results and conclusions. Stage IV yolk sac tumours of extragonadal origin are rarely reported in the literature. Hence, diagnosis and treatment often pose a challenge for emergency care unit doctors, gynaecologists, and oncologists. However, it can be a potentially curable disease. Moreover, patients’ fertility can also be preserved. We believe that further analysis of similar cases is necessary to study outcomes and evaluate patients’ responses to a sequence of medical decisions taken for this specific case.

Great migration: epigenetic reprogramming and germ cell-oocyte metamorphosis determine individual ovarian reserve

Emigration is defined as a synchronized movement of germ cells between the yolk sack and genital ridges. The miraculous migration of germ cells resembles the remigration of salmon traveling from one habitat to other. This migration of germ cells is indispensible for the development of new generations. It is not, however, clear why germ cells differentiate during migration but not at the place of origin. In order to escape harmful somatic signals which might disturb the proper establishment of germ cells forced germ cell migration may be necessary. Another reason may be to benefit from the opportunities of new habitats. Therefore, emigration may have powerful effects on the population dynamics of the immigrant germ cells. While some of these cells do reach their target, some others die or reach to wrong targets. Only germ cell precursors with genetically, and structurally powerful can reach their target. Likewise, epigenetic reprogramming in both migratory and post-migratory germ cells is essential for the establishment of totipotency. During this journey some germ cells may sacrifice themselves for the goodness of the others. The number and quality of germ cells reaching the genital ridge may vary depending on the problems encountered during migration. If the aim in germ cell specification is to provide an optimal ovarian reserve for the continuity of the generation, then this cascade of events cannot be only accomplished at the same level for every one but also are manifested by several outcomes. This is significant evidence supporting the possibility of unique individual ovarian reserve.

PERFORMA REPRODUKSI INDUK DAN PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN TOR HASIL PERSILANGAN (Tor soro DAN Tor douronensis) SECARA RESIPROKAL

Tor merupakan jenis ikan lokal yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi tetapi belum banyak dibudidayakan. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakter reproduksi induk dan performa benih Tor soro, Tor douronensis, dan persilangannya secara resiprokal. Performa reproduksi yang diamati meliputi: derajat pembuahan (FR), derajat penetasan (HR), waktu inkubasi telur, durasi penyerapan yolk sack, panjang larva setelah yolk sack habis, dan sintasan. Parameter pertumbuhan diamati meliputi: panjang dan bobot, serta sintasan. Data hasil percobaan dianalisis menggunakan analisis varian (ANOVA), dilanjutkan uji Duncan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan karakteristik reproduksi dari persilangan FTs x MTd memiliki nilai tertinggi pada FR (96,88±1,67%) dan HR (99,08±1,05%), sedangkan pada persilangan FTd x MTs memiliki nilaisintasan tertinggi (100,00±0,00%). Analisis statistik dari karakter reproduksi hanya FR menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (P<0,05). Pertumbuhan panjang benih ikan tidak berbeda nyata dari setiap persilangan (P>0,05), sedangkan bobot tertinggi diperoleh pada persilangan FTs x MTd dengan nilai sebesar 1,66±0,04 mg. Heterosis rata-rata (H) pada karakteristik reproduksi memiliki nilai positif (3,43% pada FR; 1,04% pada HR; dan 1,26% pada sintasan).

Effects of carbonic materials of various sizes on macroscopic indices of chicken embryogenesis

The influence of carbon materials of various sizes on chicken embryos, obtained from the incubation of eggs from the breed High line white was researched. Solution of activated charcoal, nanodiamonds, soot and thermo-activated graphite on biocompatible dextran was injected into the embryos' yolk sack on the third day of incubation and evaluation of their size and condition of the yolk sack wall vessels was held on the sixth, fourteenth and twentieth days of incubation. The eggs from the intact group were incubated within the same conditions but weren't influenced by any external factors. The negative effect of the soot on condition of the yolk sack wall vessels and of the nanodiamonds and thermo-activated graphite on the both indexes of chicken embryogenesis were shown.

Identity of cells containing apolipoprotein B messenger RNA, in 6- to 12-week postfertilization human embryos

Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) mRNA has been localized by in situ hybridization to various cell types in the liver, gut and yolk sack of the 6- to 12-week postfertilization human conceptus. In the fetal liver it is probable that the immature hepatocytes contain Apo B mRNA. In the yolk sack, the Apo B cDNA probe hybridizes mainly to the large endodermal cells and in the fetal gut the epithelium seems responsible for the majority of Apo B mRNA production. The fetal brain did not show any detectable hybridization to the Apo B probe. Unlike the situation seen in the adult, immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that only the B100 form of the protein was synthesized and secreted by the liver, gut and yolk sack at this early stage of human development.

Organ distribution of apolipoprotein gene transcripts in 6–12 week postfertilization human embryos

In the liver and the yolk sack of 6–12 week postfertilization human embryos, we have detected RNA transcripts from the following apolipoprotein genes: AI, All, B, CII, CIII and E. The mRNA from the apolipoprotein CIII gene was relatively more abundant in the total RNA from the yolk sack than in that from the liver. The gut and adrenals contained transcripts of all these apolipoprotein genes apart from apolipoprotein AII. The kidneys and heart contained some apolipoprotein transcripts. In conjunction with previous studies, these results suggest that in the human embryo apolipoprotein genes are transcribed in a much larger range of organs than is the case in the adult. Many of these organs lack endoderm tissues.

Immunolocalization of keratan sulphate in the human embryonic cornea and other human foetal organs

An antibody raised against keratan sulphate was used to localize keratan sulphate in the human embryonic cornea and other human foetal organs. It was found that keratan sulphate was present in the corneal endothelium, as well as in the corneal stroma. In contrast, no keratan sulphate could be demonstrated in the corneal epithelium or in any posterior parts of the human foetal eye. Human corneal stromal cells grown in monolayers in tissue culture lost their capacity to bind this antibody. This suggests that explantation in vitro decreases or alters the expression of keratan sulphate in this cell type. Keratan sulphate was found to be present in abundant quantities in human embryonic cartilage and to a lesser extent in placenta. In contrast, keratan sulphate could not be detected in the foetal intestine, liver, suprarenal glands, the umbilical cord or in the foetal yolk sack.