Organ distribution of apolipoprotein gene transcripts in 6–12 week postfertilization human embryos

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-187
Author(s):  
B. Hopkins ◽  
C. R. Sharpe ◽  
F. E. Baralle ◽  
C. F. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Apolipoprotein Ciii ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Yolk Sack

In the liver and the yolk sack of 6–12 week postfertilization human embryos, we have detected RNA transcripts from the following apolipoprotein genes: AI, All, B, CII, CIII and E. The mRNA from the apolipoprotein CIII gene was relatively more abundant in the total RNA from the yolk sack than in that from the liver. The gut and adrenals contained transcripts of all these apolipoprotein genes apart from apolipoprotein AII. The kidneys and heart contained some apolipoprotein transcripts. In conjunction with previous studies, these results suggest that in the human embryo apolipoprotein genes are transcribed in a much larger range of organs than is the case in the adult. Many of these organs lack endoderm tissues.

Spinal cord-notochord relationship in normal human embryos and in a human embryo with double spinal cord

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirna Saraga-Babi� ◽  
Vedran Stefanovi� ◽  
Jorma Wartiovaara ◽  
Eero Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Normal Human

La fine del concetto di “pre-embrione” nella Convenzione di Oviedo / The end of the concept of “pre-embryo” in the Oviedo Convention

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-745
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Moment

Il contributo si sofferma sulla questione riguardante la ricerca scientifica sugli embrioni generati in vitro. L’articolo 18 della Convenzione riguarda specificamente la sperimentazione sull’embrione in vitro e per questo esso è sottoposto ad una riflessione particolarmente approfondita. L’obiettivo è quello di capire se dalla Convenzione emergono linee idonee a definire lo statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano. Gli Autori concludono nel senso che nonostante il concetto di pre-embrione (formulato proprio per teorizzare l’insignificanza dell’embrione umano nei primi 14 giorni dalla fecondazione) sia stato accolto in alcune leggi e abbia implicitamente guidato l’interpretazione di alcuni aspetti relativi alla valutazione del valore dell’embrione, la Convenzione di bioetica lo ha definitivamente respinto con il massimo di autorevolezza. La conclusione è raggiunta attraverso l’esame dell’art. 18 considerandone anche la precedente formulazione contenuta in una bozza; mediante una interpretazione sistematica della Convenzione che esige il riconoscimento del concepito, fin dalla fecondazione, come un “essere umano”; esaminando i contributi preparatori elaborati dalla Assemblea Parlamentare del Consiglio d’Europa e del Parlamento Europeo; prendendo in considerazione gli sviluppi della Convenzione di Oviedo con specifico riferimento al tema del pre-embrione. L’indagine si avvale poi anche di ampi riferimenti alla giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo del Consiglio d’Europa, alla giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, ad alcune recenti decisioni della Corte Costituzionale italiana. ---------- The paper focuses on the question concerning scientific research on human embryos generated in vitro. Article 18 of the Oviedo Convention specifically concerns the experimentation on the in vitro embryos and for this reason it is subject to a particularly in-depth reflection. The goal is to understand if the Convention shows suitable lines to define the legal status of the human embryo. The authors conclude that despite the concept of pre-embryo (formulated to theorize the insignificance of the human embryo in the first 14 days of fertilization) has been accepted in some laws and has implicitly guided the interpretation of some aspects related to the evaluation of the value of the embryo, the Bioethics Convention definitively rejected it with the utmost authority. The conclusion is reached through the examination of the art. 18 also considering the previous formulation contained in a draft; through a systematic interpretation of the Convention which requires the recognition of the conceived, from the moment of fertilization, as a “human being”; examining the preparatory contributions prepared by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament; taking into consideration the developments of the Oviedo Convention with specific reference to the theme of the pre-embryo. The investigation also makes use of extensive references to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe, to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, to some recent decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court.

Sachstand zur Manipulierbarkeit des menschlichen Embryos hinsichtlich seiner Spezieszugehörigkeit und Entwicklungsfähigkeit

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Martin Hähnel ◽  
Roland Kipke
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Current State ◽  
Embryo Protection Act ◽  
Species Membership ◽  
State Of Research

This report presents the current state of research in the debate on embryo protection. On the basis of scientific findings on species membership and the capacity of human embryos to develop properly, the report examines the extent to which these empirical facts influence the debate on the legal status of the human embryo. At the end of the article, the authors present the options for the further discussion with regard to the German Embryo Protection Act.

A HUMAN EMBRYO OF TWO TO THREE PAIRS OF SOMITES

1945 ◽  
Vol 23e (6) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph F. Shaner
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
No Tail ◽  
Cloacal Membrane ◽  
Otic Placode ◽  
Umbilical Arteries

A description is given of a human embryo with two to three pairs of somites and about 25 days old. In general the embryo tallies with the few other human embryos of the same stage hitherto described. It has a well developed head fold, but no tail fold. Its neural groove is everywhere open. There is a minute neurenteric canal, a long primitive streak, and long cloacal membrane. The last is degenerate in its caudal part. The optic primordium is faint, but a clear otic placode is present. Between the two extends a neural crest, the earliest on record. A slight fore-gut is present, ending in an oral membrane. There is a long tubular allantois. The notochord is strap-like, issuing from a Henson's node and ending in a prechordal plate. Two well developed pairs of somites appear with the beginning of a third. The mesoderm is split to contain two body cavities, which join beneath the fore-gut. The yolk sac is partly covered with blood islands. There are two definite umbilical arteries and traces of umbilical veins. Solid strands of angioblastic tissue beneath the fore-gut are the only signs of a heart. Scattered indications of body vessels also occur.

292 EXPRESSION PROFILES OF STRESS AND METABOLIC MARKER GENES DURING IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) EMBRYOS

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
R. Rajhans ◽  
G. S. Kumar ◽  
G. T. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Hsp 70 ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Vitro Production ◽  
Glut1 Gene

An increased understanding of the pre-implantation embryo developmental stage, with respect to physiological interaction of embryo with its micromilieu both in vivo and in vitro, is imperative to comprehend the events of pre-implantation development.The objective of the present study was to examine the temporal expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp-70) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) genes in pre-implantation-stage buffalo embryos produced under the standard in vitro production (IVP) system. Embryos were produced from slaughterhouse ovaries employing standard in vitro embryo production protocol, and presumptive zygotes produced following IVM/IVF were cultured in vitro in mSOF under mineral oil; FCS (10%) was added at 48 h post-insemination (hpi).The time series of development at stages being zygote (18-20 hpi), 2-1 cell (48 hpi), 8-16 cell (94-96 hpi), morula (120-144 hpi), and blastocyst (168-192 hpi), pre-implantation embryos conforming to the above developmental pattern were considered as 'fast-cleaving embryos', and all the embryos that did not conform to the above developmental timing were regarded as 'slow-cleaving embryos'. Pools of immature oocytes (IM, 120), Matured oocytes (MO, 120), 8-16 cell stages (8-16, 70), morula (M, 28), and blastocyst (B, 9) were collected and prepared for total RNA isolation and RT-PCR for the specific transcripts, with �-actin as loading control. The total RNA content ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 ng per oocyte/embryo. Presence of Hsp 70 and Glut1 gene transcripts was assessed in different stages of buffalo pre-implantation embryos using primers designed from bovine Hsp 70 and Glut1 by using the OLIGO program. RT was standardized using the embryo equivalent of 1-10 oocytes/embryo as the template as described by Arcellana-Panlilio and Schultz 1993 (Methods Enzymol. 225, 303-328) with PCR conditions being 59�C and 62�C for 45 s with 39 cycles for Glut1 and Hsp 70 gene transcripts, respectively. Amplicons were subjected to restriction digestion and sequencing (Acc. No. AJ812563, AJ812564). The expression of Hsp 70 throughout pre-implantation development in the fast-cleaving embryos indicated their maternal and zygotic origin, but transcripts of the Hsp 70 gene, represented by a single 488-bp amplicon, were not detected in slow-cleaving embryos, suggesting altered zygotic expression. Glut1 expression was prominent from the 8-16 cell stage, indicating a metabolic shift from pyruvate to glucose after the pre-compaction stage. For slow-cleaving embryos, transcripts of the Glut1 gene, represented by a single 327-bp amplicon, were absent during morula- and blastocyst-stage embryos, indicating the poor developmental competence of these embryos, which morphologically appeared normal. These transcription patterns reflect the embryonic response to the in vitro culture conditions and also correlate with the embryo quality and the speed of development of the pre-implantation buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos.

scholarly journals Modelling human embryogenesis: embryo-like structures spark ethical and policy debate

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-798
Author(s):  
Ana M Pereira Daoud ◽  
Mina Popovic ◽  
Wybo J Dondorp ◽  
Marc Trani Bustos ◽  
Annelien L Bredenoord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Embryo Research ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Human Embryo Research ◽  
Post Implantation

Abstract BACKGROUND Studying the human peri-implantation period remains hindered by the limited accessibility of the in vivo environment and scarcity of research material. As such, continuing efforts have been directed towards developing embryo-like structures (ELS) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that recapitulate aspects of embryogenesis in vitro. While the creation of such models offers immense potential for studying fundamental processes in both pre- and early post-implantation development, it also proves ethically contentious due to wide-ranging views on the moral and legal reverence due to human embryos. Lack of clarity on how to qualify and regulate research with ELS thus presents a challenge in that it may either limit this new field of research without valid grounds or allow it to develop without policies that reflect justified ethical concerns. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific approaches to generate ELS from mouse and human PSCs, as well as discuss future strategies towards innovation in the context of human development. Concurrently, we aim to set the agenda for the ethical and policy issues surrounding research on human ELS. SEARCH METHODS The PubMed database was used to search peer-reviewed articles and reviews using the following terms: ‘stem cells’, ‘pluripotency’, ‘implantation’, ‘preimplantation’, ‘post-implantation’, ‘blastocyst’, ‘embryoid bodies’, ‘synthetic embryos’, ‘embryo models’, ‘self-assembly’, ‘human embryo-like structures’, ‘artificial embryos’ in combination with other keywords related to the subject area. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were also used to systematically search publications on the ethics of ELS and human embryo research by using the aforementioned keywords in combination with ‘ethics’, ‘law’, ‘regulation’ and equivalent terms. All relevant publications until December 2019 were critically evaluated and discussed. OUTCOMES In vitro systems provide a promising way forward for uncovering early human development. Current platforms utilize PSCs in both two- and three-dimensional settings to mimic various early developmental stages, including epiblast, trophoblast and amniotic cavity formation, in addition to axis development and gastrulation. Nevertheless, much hinges on the term ‘embryo-like’. Extension of traditional embryo frameworks to research with ELS reveals that (i) current embryo definitions require reconsideration, (ii) cellular convertibility challenges the attribution of moral standing on the basis of ‘active potentiality’ and (iii) meaningful application of embryo protective directives will require rethinking of the 14-day culture limit and moral weight attributed to (non-)viability. Many conceptual and normative (dis)similarities between ELS and embryos thus remain to be thoroughly elucidated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Modelling embryogenesis holds vast potential for both human developmental biology and understanding various etiologies associated with infertility. To date, ELS have been shown to recapitulate several aspects of peri-implantation development, but critically, cannot develop into a fetus. Yet, concurrent to scientific innovation, considering the extent to which the use of ELS may raise moral concerns typical of human embryo research remains paramount. This will be crucial for harnessing the potential of ELS as a valuable research tool, whilst remaining within a robust moral and legal framework of professionally acceptable practices.

scholarly journals The three mouse multidrug resistance (mdr) genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner in normal mouse tissues.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Croop ◽  
M Raymond ◽  
D Haber ◽  
A Devault ◽  
R J Arceci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Multigene Family ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Normal Physiological Function ◽  
Rna Transcript ◽  
Mdr Genes

The gene responsible for multidrug resistance (mdr), which encodes the P-glycoprotein, is a member of a multigene family. We have identified distinct mdr gene transcripts encoded by three separate mdr genes in the mouse. Expression levels of each mdr gene are dramatically different in various mouse tissues. Specific mdr RNA transcripts of approximately 4.5, 5, and 6 kilobases have been detected. Each of the mdr genes has a specific RNA transcript pattern. These results should be considered in relation to understanding the normal physiological function of the mdr multigene family.

South Korea: Human Embryo Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOUNG-RHAN UM
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Embryo Research ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Public Hearing ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
Advisory Commission ◽  
Public Reaction ◽  
Human Embryo Research ◽  
Catholic Churches

On May 18, 2001, the Korean Bioethics Advisory Commission (KBAC), sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, published a set of recommendations for biotechnological research and application, including scientific experiments with human embryos. Four days later, the KBAC held a public hearing to finalize its recommendations. Since then, public reaction and debate over the ethical aspects of human embryo research have actively surfaced. Most leaders of religious organizations, especially Catholic churches, objected to any type of embryo research. On the other hand, some leaders of the scientific community supported freer scientific research on human embryos.

XXVI.—Observations on the Early Development of the Human Embryo

1925 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Individual

This memoir is based upon the study of three normal human embryos belonging to the period of development preceding the cleavage of the paraxial mesoderm into the primitive segments, as well as of certain abnormal specimens of the same early period which have yielded valuable corroborative data, but will not be described in detail. Well-preserved specimens belonging to these early stages are very rare, and our knowledge has been, and can only be, built up from the detailed descriptions of isolated cases by the individual observers into whose hands they happen to fall.

Zur Embryonenforschung aus evangelischer Sicht

1990 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Hartwig von Schubart
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Embryo Research ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Biological Approach ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Law

Abstract A wider than just a biological approach to the human embryo provides a relational perception of it, which may open a dialogue between those who plead for the protection of the embryo and those who seek to help their patients with therapies developed through embryo research. According to all german speaking protestant churches and theologians riskful research on human embryos shall be prohibited, some theologians however concede, that for high ranking therapeutical goals the law should provide an exception. The author shows that it is impossible to define any therapeutical goals unless one allows non-therapeutical research in advance. This dilemma so far is unsolved

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