The effect of temperature and H2SO4 concentration and soaking time on breaking dormancy of sengon seed (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes)

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) is a Leguminoceae plant that is useful as material for making panel wood, furniture wood and trees that can rehabilitate critical land. Sengon seeds experience a period of dormancy and need to be managed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of temperature 600C and 50% H2SO4 concentration and soaking time on sengon seed germination. A complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors were used as research design. The first factor was the air temperature treatment of kontrol (A1), 60o C (A2), 50% H2SO4 (A3) and which consisted of 3 levels of treatment. The second factor was soaking time (T); T1: 35 minutes, T2: 8 hours. The results showed that the best combination of treatment and immersion time for all germination parameters of sengon seed is soaking seed at 60o C water for 8 hours Key words: Temperature water, H2SO4, Paraserianthes falcataria, germination

Temperature measuring instruments on microcontrollers

Modern temperature measuring instruments are implemented on microcontrollers. In this case, the thermometer is used not only to measure the room temperature, but also to measure and regulate the temperature of water in incubators, refrigerators, aquariums, etc. Can be applied in places. Temperature measurement schemes are also built on modern chips and microcontrollers. Because these circuits have digital output, the measurement error is reduced. Here, the value of the sampling period is 2 seconds. Among these devices, we can also show an analog-to-digital converter with high traction capacity, which, when used in conjunction with a computer, has a sampling time of 30 ms. RT-type regulators are used to regulate the temperature in water and steam water heaters and refrigerators. Key words: temperature transmitter, microcontroller, temperature measurement, voltage converter, seven-segment indicator

The Influence of Temperature - Food Availability on the Shell Growth of Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791)

A study of the growth of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, under suspended culture conditions was carried out over a seven month period at a culture site in Graves Shoal, Mahone Bay,Nova Scotia – Canada. Scallop spat were cultivated in pearl nets at a density of 30-35 per net set at four locations corresponding to the surface (7 m) and bottom (14 m) at the outer edge and the center of the site. Shell height was measured at monthly intervals. Environmental conditions represented as temperature and food availability at the surface and bottom over the same period were also monitored. Shell Height growth rate was slightly greater at the surface than at the bottom. At the surface sites growth was greater at the outside (SUROUT) than at the center locations, but at the bottom growth was greater at the centre location (BOTIN). The only significant relationship between shell growth and temperature - food variables was chlorophyll a concentration. Key words: temperature, food availability, shell height, sea scallop

Influência do el niño e la niña no número de dias de precipitação pluviométrica do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

ResumoUm melhor detalhamento do comportamento da precipitação pluvial pode ser obtido com o estudo do NDC (Número de Dias de Chuva) e a sua correlação com fenômenos climáticos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo correlacionar a variação do NDC no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul com a intensidade do Índice Oceânico Niño(a) (ION). Utilizaram-se dados de 37 estações pluviométricas com 30 anos de dados e 55 estações com dados variando de 20 a 29 anos, sendo que toda série histórica está entre os anos de 1977 a 2006. No período de 1977 a 2006 o ION mensal médio variou entre -1,1°C e 1,3°C, variações consideradas moderadas, com algumas variações consideradas fortes nos anos de 1982 (2,3°C), 1983 (2,3°C). 1988 (-1,9°C), 1991 (1,6°C), 1992 (1,8°C), 1997 (2,5°C), 1998 (2,3°C), 1999/2000 (-1,6°C) e 2002 (1,5°C). Observa-se que o NDC de cada ano do período não tem uma relação direta com os fenômenos El Niño e La Niña, já que a linha de tendência polinomial de segunda ordem pouco variou.Palavras-chave: Temperatura do Oceano Pacífico, ENOS, Número de Dias de Chuva, Climatologia. AbstractA more detailed behavior of rainfall can be obtained from the study of Number of Days Rain (NDC) and its correlation with weather phenomena. This study aimed to correlate the variation of the NDC in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul with the intensity Niño Index (a). We used data from 37 rainfall stations with 30 years of data and 55 stations with data ranging from 20 to 29 years, and throughout this series between the years 1977 to 2006. In the period 1977 to 2006 the average monthly Niño índex ranged between -1,1°C and 1,3°C, variations considered moderate, with some variations considered strong in the years 1982 (2.3°C), 1983 (2.3°C), 1988(-1.9°C), 1991 (1.6°C), 1992 (1,8°C), 1997 (2.5°C), 1998 (2.3°C), 1999/2000 (-1.6°C) and 2002 (1.5°C). It is observed that in general the NDC for each year of the period has a direct relationship with El Niño and La Niña, since the polynomial trendline second order changed little. Key-words: Temperature of the Pacific Ocean, ENSO, Number of Days of Rain, Climatology ResumenUn comportamiento más detallado de la precipitación se pueden obtener a partir del estudio de Número de días de lluvia (NDL) y su correlación con los fenómenos meteorológicos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo relacionar la variación de lo NDL en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, con la intensidad de El Niño Index (a). Se utilizaron los datos de 37 estaciones pluviométricas con 30 años de datos y 55 estaciones con datos de entre 20 y 29 años (1977 y 2006). En el período de 1977 a 2006, el índice de El Niño (a) promedio mensual osciló entre -1,1°C y 1,3° C, las variaciones considera moderado, con algunas variaciones consideradas fuerte en 1982 (2,3°C), 1983 (2,3°C). 1988 (-1,9°C), 1991 (1,6°C), 1992 (1,8°C), 1997 (2,5°C), 1998 (2,3°C), 1999/2000 (-1,6°C) y 2002 (1,5°C). Se observa que, en general, el NDC para cada año del período tiene una relación directa con El Niño y La Niña, ya que la línea de tendencia polinómica de segundo orden ha cambiado poco.Palabras clave: Temperatura del Océano Pacífico, ENSO, número de días de lluvia, Climatologia.

AN EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS ON THE MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER IN THE CAVITY ROOF VENTILATION

The roof, as a part of the building envelope with the thermal performance that’s a major requirement for guaranteeing a comfortable and hygienic interior climate, provides protection from thermal damage incurred by the sun. To improve this protection ability, the use of a ventilated roof can be considered, which has a ventilation layer known as a cavity, beneath the roof cover panel. Based on the proposed mechanism of heat transfer and the influence of such factors as cavity ventilation, the slope of the roof, intensity of solar radiation, the size and shape of the cavity, and panel profiles, airflow and temperature distribution are analyzed in the cavity, in an effort to improve the cooling effect of ventilation in the cavity of the roof. In this study, the influence of these elements on airflow is studied. Key words: temperature distribution, cooling effect, air flow, thermal comfort, ventilation channel.

Mudanças Climáticas em Campina Grande-PB – Um Estudo sobre o Aquecimento Urbano (Climate Change in Campina Grande-PB – A Study on Urban Heat)

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o comportamento da temperatura do ar nos últimos 20 anos (1990-2010), sobre a área urbana de Campina Grande, em relação às médias climatológicas do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – INMET (1961-1990). Foram utilizados dados da estação meteorológica do INMET, localizada nas dependências da EMBRAPA - Algodão – Campina Grande. Diagnosticou-se que a temperatura nos últimos anos tem apresentado um acréscimo considerável na temperatura observada em comparação com as normais climatológicas do INMET. Assim, os resultados convergiram em que as temperaturas médias, máximas e mínimas ficassem acima da normal climatológica. Infere-se que as diferenças nos valores de temperatura acontecem devido à urbanização ocorrida na área de estudo nos últimos 20 anos e que gerou uma ilha de calor no entorno da estação meteorológica da EMBRAPA, visto que a influência da urbanização favorece o aquecimento daquela região em estudo. Palavras-chave: Temperatura, Ilha de calor, Aquecimento das cidades. Climate Change in Campina Grande-PB – A Study on Urban Heat ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to study the behavior of air temperature over the past 20 years (1990-2010), over the urban area of Campina Grande, in relation to climatological averages from the National Institute of Meteorology - INMET (1961-1990). We used data from the meteorological station INMET, located on the premises of EMBRAPA - Cotton - Campina Grande. We diagnosed that the temperature during the past year has seen a considerable increase in temperature observed in comparison with the normal climatological INMET. Thus, the results converged on the average temperatures, highs and lows were above the climatological normal. It is inferred that the differences in temperature occur due to the urbanization that occurred in the study area in the last 20 years and has generated a heat island in the vicinity of the meteorological station of EMBRAPA, since the influence of urbanization favors warming in that region study. Key words: Temperature, Heat island, Heating cities.

DESEMPENHO DE MÉTODOS EMPÍRICOS BASEADOS NA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A ESTIMATIVA DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA EM URUSSANGA, SC.

DESEMPENHO DE MÉTODOS EMPÍRICOS BASEADOS NA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A ESTIMATIVA DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA EM URUSSANGA, SC. Álvaro José Back Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Epagri, Estação Experimental de Urussanga, Urussanga, SC, [email protected] 1 RESUMO Foram comparadas estimativas da evapotranspiração de referência obtidas através de nove métodos empíricos como método de Penman-Monteith, calculados com dados da estação meteorológica de Urussanga, SC, do período de1981 a2005. Os dados foram agrupados em intervalos decendiais e mensais. Foram ajustadas as equações de regressão linear tendo a ETo estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith com variável dependente e os demais métodos como variável independente. A avaliação dos métodos foi realizada com base nos índices de exatidão e desempenho e nos erros de estimativa. Observou-se que os métodos de Ivanov e de Hargreaves modificados subestimam os valores de ETo em todos os meses. O método de Hargreaves apresentou desempenho ótimo para intervalo mensal e decendial, e os métodos de Thornthwaite e Camargo apresentaram desempenho muito bom no intervalo mensal. UNITERMOS: temperatura, evapotranspiração, consumo de água, irrigação. BACK, A. J. PERFORMANCE OF EMPIRICAL METHODS BASED ON AIR TEMPERATURE TO ESTIMATE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF REFERENCE IN URUSSANGA, SC. 2 ABSTRACT Estimates of evapotranspiration of reference (ETo) using nine methods, such as the Penman-Monteith method, were compared using data of the weather station ofUrussanga,SCfrom 1981 to 2005. Data were grouped in ten-day and monthly intervals. Equations of linear regression were adjusted and ETo was calculated by Penman-Monteith method as dependent variable and the other methods as independent variable. The evaluation of the methods was based on of the indexes of accuracy, performance, and errors of estimate. The methods of Ivanov and modified Hargreaves underestimated the values of ETo every month. The method of Hargreaves had a great performance in both studied intervals, and the methods of Thornthwaite and Camargo had a very good performance at monthly intervals. KEY WORDS: temperature, evapotranspiration, water consumption, irrigation.

Temperature preference in piglets weaned at 12–14 days of age

Five replicates of 48 pigs each, weaned at 12–14 d of age, were observed. Mean preferred temperature was found to decrease during the night and early morning, and increase during the day. Average preferred temperatures were 26.3°C, 25.7°C, and 25.3 °C for 3, 4, and 5 wk of age, respectively. Key words: Temperature preference, pigs, early weaned, operant conditioning

Oslo and Biggar spring wheats respond differently to controlled temperature and moisture stress

In studying the inconsistent field performance of Oslo spring wheat, Oslo and Biggar were exposed to controlled levels of temperature and moisture stress in growth chamber experiments. Plants were started under low stress with day/night temperatures of 18/10 °C and watering to 90% of plant-available water. From 30 d after planting to maturity, temperature and/or moisture stress were applied to one-half of the material by raising day/night temperatures to 30/18 °C and watering to approximately 30% of plant available water every 3–4 d. Biggar produced greater root dry matter than Oslo under low temperatures but less under high temperature stress. Moisture stress caused a relatively greater decrease in kernel production in Biggar than in Oslo Although temperature stress reduced seed set relatively more in Oslo than in Biggar, Oslo was better able to compensate through the grain-filling period. The change in rank of grain yield per plant with increasing levels of stress indicates that Oslo was more tolerant to stress than Biggar. Key words: Temperature stress, moisture stress, spring wheat, Triticum aestivum.

Temperature effects on seed color in black- and yellow-seeded rapeseed

The effects of growth temperature on seed color of two black- and four yellow-seeded doubled-haploid genotypes of Brassica napus were examined with plants grown at 16/12, 18/14, 20/16, 22/18 and 24/20 °C (day/night). High temperatures significantly reduced seed color that developed on yellow-seeded genotypes but did not alter seed color produced on black-seeded genotypes. The decrease in pigmentation measured with a modified near-infrared reflectance analyzer was linearly related to temperature for the yellow-seeded genotypes. Significant differences in the magnitudes of the response were observed among the yellow-seeded genotypes. This is the first systematic study of temperature effects on seed color in rapeseed. The results confirm previous preliminary reports of environmental modifications of this trait. The study also illustrates a method for determining temperature effects on seed-color expressivity that may be useful for plant breeding programs. Key words: Temperature, Brassica napus, seed color