Microbial Dynamics during Industrial Rearing, Processing, and Storage of Tropical House Crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) for Human Consumption

ABSTRACTIn this study, the microbiota during industrial rearing, processing, and storage of the edible tropical house cricket,Gryllodessigillatus, was investigated. To this end, we analyzed samples from the cricket feed, obtained before feeding as well as from the cages, and from the crickets during rearing, after harvest, and after processing into frozen, oven-dried, and smoked and oven-dried (smoked/dried) end products. Although the feed contained lower microbial numbers than the crickets, both were dominated by the same species-level operational taxonomic units, as determined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. They corresponded, among others, to members ofPorphyromonadaceae,Fusobacterium,Parabacteroides, andErwinia. The harvested crickets contained high microbial numbers, but none of the investigated food pathogensSalmonellaspp.,Listeria monocytogenes,Bacillus cereus, or coagulase-positive staphylococci. However, some possible mycotoxin-producing fungi were isolated from the crickets. A postharvest heat treatment, shortly boiling the crickets, reduced microbial numbers, but an endospore load of 2.4 log CFU/g remained. After processing, an increase in microbial counts was observed for the dried and smoked/dried crickets. Additionally, in the smoked/dried crickets, a high abundance of aBacillussp. was observed. Considering the possible occurrence of food-pathogenic species from this genus, it is advised to apply a heat treatment which is sufficient to eliminate spores. Nevertheless, the microbial numbers remained constant over a 6-month storage period, whether frozen (frozen end product) or at ambient temperature (oven-dried and smoked/dried end products).IMPORTANCEThe need for sustainable protein sources has led to the emergence of a new food sector, producing and processing edible insects into foods. However, insight into the microbial quality of this new food and into the microbial dynamics during rearing, processing, and storage of edible insects is still limited. Samples monitored for their microbiota were obtained in this study from an industrial rearing and processing cycle. The results lead first to the identification of process steps which are critical for microbial food safety. Second, they can be used in the construction of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan and of a Novel Food dossier, which is required in Europe for edible insects. Finally, they confirm the shelf-life period which was determined by the rearer.

Optimization of Substrate and Starter Cell Concentrations for Dibenzothiopene Biodegradation by Indigeneous Marine Bacteria Mauricauda olearia LBF-1-0009, Alcanivorax xenomutants LBF-1-0018, and Stakelama pacifica LBF-1-0031

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives have been widely used as model organic sulfur compounds in petroleum, included their biodegradation process. The abilities of microorganisms to degrade pollutants are significantly influenced by various factors such as microbial species, nutrients and environmental parameters. In this research, we carried out further study to determine optimal condition for DBT biodegradation regarding with substrate and strains cell concentration by several indigenous marine bacteria from Indonesia. These three isolates were belong to Mauricauda olearia, Alcanivorax xenomutants, and Stakelama pacifica, with homology result 99% each. Optimal dibenzothiophene as substrate reached by all isolates is 100 ppm, while cell concentration or microbial numbers that gave highest growth for all isolates is 20 based on conversion of OD600 nm measurement.

Optimization of Substrate and Starter Cell Concentrations for Dibenzothiopene Biodegradation by Indigeneous Marine Bacteria Mauricauda olearia LBF-1-0009, Alcanivorax xenomutants LBF-1-0018, and Stakelama pacifica LBF-1-0031

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives have been widely used as model organic sulfur compounds in petroleum, included their biodegradation process. The abilities of microorganisms to degrade pollutants are significantly influenced by various factors such as microbial species, nutrients and environmental parameters. In this research, we carried out further study to determine optimal condition for DBT biodegradation regarding with substrate and strains cell concentration by several indigenous marine bacteria from Indonesia. These three isolates were belong to Mauricauda olearia, Alcanivorax xenomutants, and Stakelama pacifica, with homology result 99% each. Optimal dibenzothiophene as substrate reached by all isolates is 100 ppm, while cell concentration or microbial numbers that gave highest growth for all isolates is 20 based on conversion of OD600 nm measurement.

SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA HAND AND BODY CREAM DENGAN PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA GEMITIR (Tagetes erecta L.) DAN BUNGA PACAR AIR MERAH (Impatiens balsamina L.) DARI LIMBAH CANANG

ABSTRAK: Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengembangan formula sediaan hand and body cream dengan memanfaatkan sumber antioksidan yang dimiliki oleh dua jenis ekstrak etanol yaitu ekstrak bunga pacar air merah (Impatiens balsamina L.) dan bunga gemitir (Tagetes erecta L.) dengan taraf perlakuan sebesar 1% dari masing-masing ekstrak (FPM dan FG) dan campuran 0,5% ekstrak pacar air merah dan 0,5% ekstrak gemitir (FCPMG). Pengujian terhadap produk dilakukan pada sifat fisikokimia meliputi pH, viskositas, aktivitas antioksidan, angka lempeng total mikroba, dan ukuran partikel. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian produk hand and body cream yang dihasilkan memiliki antioksidan yang cukup tinggi sebagai produk perawatan tubuh dengan penambahan 1% ekstrak etanol pacar air merah, gemitir dan campuran dari kedua ekstrak etanol. Kualitas produk hand and body cream yang dihasilkan baik dan memenuhi standar mutu SNI dari aspek nilai pH, viskositas, dan nilai ALT. Warna yang dihasilkan mulai dari warna kuning kemerahan sampai dengan warna kuning, dan partikel yang dimiliki oleh produk adalah nanopartikel dengan sistem polidispersi. ABSTRACT: Formulations of hand and body creams using ethanol extracts of flowers of red Impatiens balsamina L. And Tagetes erecta L. As antioxidant sources have been developed. One percent of extracts (FPM and FG) and the mixture of 0.5% each extracts (FCPMG) were added to the basic formula. The analysis of physicochemical properties of the products was conducted including pH, viscosity, antioxidant activity, the size of the particles, and total microbial plate numbers. Based on the results, the quality of the hand and body creams meet the national standard of Indonesia (SNI) regarding to pH, viscosity, and the total microbial numbers. The colours of the hand and body creams resulted are reddish yellow to yellow with polydispersion nanoparticles.