Retrieval (N400) and integration (P600) in expectation-based comprehension

Expectation-based theories of language processing, such as Surprisal theory, are supported by evidence of anticipation effects in both behavioural and neurophysiological measures. Online measures of language processing, however, are known to be influenced by factors such as lexical association that are distinct from—but often confounded with—expectancy. An open question therefore is whether a specific locus of expectancy related effects can be established in neural and behavioral processing correlates. We address this question in an event-related potential experiment and a self-paced reading experiment that independently cross expectancy and lexical association in a context manipulation design. We find that event-related potentials reveal that the N400 is sensitive to both expectancy and lexical association, while the P600 is modulated only by expectancy. Reading times, in turn, reveal effects of both association and expectancy in the first spillover region, followed by effects of expectancy alone in the second spillover region. These findings are consistent with the Retrieval-Integration account of language comprehension, according to which lexical retrieval (N400) is facilitated for words that are both expected and associated, whereas integration difficulty (P600) will be greater for unexpected words alone. Further, an exploratory analysis suggests that the P600 is not merely sensitive to expectancy violations, but rather, that there is a continuous relation. Taken together, these results suggest that the P600, like reading times, may reflect a meaning-centric notion of Surprisal in language comprehension.

The Impact of Illicit Mining on School Dropout: A case of Senior High Schools in Asante Akim Municipality

Studies indicate that there is a continuous relation between illicit mining and children’s education. This study therefore, sought to examine the ramification of illicit mining on school dropout in the Asante Akim Central Municipality, Ghana. The correlational research design was used in the study. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. A sample size of 360 was chosen for the study. Linear regression, ANOVA and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. The study found the three leading factors that accounted for students to enter into illicit mining to be Poverty (M=3.9222, SD=1.19169), perceived lack of employment opportunities after school (M=3.5972, SD=1.42657) and disinterest towards schooling (M=3.5611, SD=1.38501). The study further found a significant positive relationship between illicit mining and school dropout (R = 0.178, p < 0.05), students’ academic performance (R=.206, p < 0.05,) and health risk and diseases (R=.312, p < 0.05). Effective implementation of legal framework to prevent children of school-going age from mining activities is imperative to ameliorate this educational menace. Again, vocational and technical education must be intensified to give such students employable skills in the shortest possible time.

Zero-shot Metric Learning

In this work, we tackle the zero-shot metric learning problem and propose a novel method abbreviated as ZSML, with the purpose to learn a distance metric that measures the similarity of unseen categories (even unseen datasets). ZSML achieves strong transferability by capturing multi-nonlinear yet continuous relation among data. It is motivated by two facts: 1) relations can be essentially described from various perspectives; and 2) traditional binary supervision is insufficient to represent continuous visual similarity. Specifically, we first reformulate a collection of specific-shaped convolutional kernels to combine data pairs and generate multiple relation vectors. Furthermore, we design a new cross-update regression loss to discover continuous similarity. Extensive experiments including intra-dataset transfer and inter-dataset transfer on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that ZSML can achieve state-of-the-art performance.

PENSANDO A “CONSTRUÇÃO” DO LÍDER A PARTIR DE SKINNER E BOURDIEU

O presente artigo esboça algumas das colaborações teóricas do comportamentalismo de Skinner e da Sociologia culturalista de Bourdieu para a compreensão da construção do Líder do tipo ideal racional. Para tal, recorremos à centralidade dada por Skinner ao Ambiente, e ao Habitus na teoria bourdieurdiana. Assim, compreendemos que a formação de um Líder perpassa pela relação dialética entre seu contexto atual e seu processo histórico, o que nos permite afirmar que o Líder se constrói por meio de relação complexa, continua e de interação com o ambiente ou campo no qual esteve e está situado. This article outlines some of the theoretical collaborations of the behavioralism of Skinner and the culturalist sociology of Bourdieu toward an understanding of the construction of the typic ideal rational leader. For this, we turn to the centrality as attributed by Skinner to the Environment and to the Habitus of Bourdieu. By this, we understand that the formation of a Leader passes through the dialectical relationship between its current context and its historical process, allowing us to affirm that the Leader is constructed through a complex and continuous relation of interaction with the environment or field in which it was, or is, situated.

Interfaces entre Estado e economia solidária em um bairro de periferia urbana

Este artigo pretende contribuir com a compreensão do fenômeno contemporâneo das periferias urbanas brasileiras, problematizando as dinâmicas sociais que integram a produção cotidiana da vida nestas localidades. Para tanto, a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, desenvolvida metodologicamente por meio de uma pesquisa participante, investigamos a interface entre a ação estatal e as práticas de Economia Solidária existentes no bairro do Gonzaga, situado na periferia do município de São Carlos/SP. As ambiguidades e contradições inerentes às ações estatais ali efetuadas e negligenciadas no período permitiram identificar o imbricamento existente entre as esferas pública e privada, revelando que o bairro do Gonzaga, assim como diversos territórios periféricos dos municípios brasileiros, não se encontram dicotomicamente apartados dos espaços socialmente mais valorizados de produção de bens materiais e simbólicos, mas se relaciona continuamente com o “centro” da vida social urbana a partir de mediações específicas, condicionadas pela existência de mecanismos sociais transversais que atuam de modo a reproduzir desigualdades e hierarquias sociais.Palavras-Chave: Periferia urbana. Estado. Economia solidária.Interface between state and solidarity economy in a neighborhood of urban peripheryAbstractThis paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the contemporary phenomenon of Brazilian urban periphery, questioning the social dynamics which are part of everyday life production in these locations. To do so, from an ethnographic perspective, methodologically developed through a participatory research, we investigated the interface between State action and solidarity economy practices existing in the Gonzaga neighborhood, located on the outskirts of São Carlos/SP. The ambiguities and contradictions related to the State actions performed and overlooked during this period allowed to identify the relation between the public and private spheres, revealing that the neighborhood of Gonzaga, as well as various peripheral territories of municipalities, were not dichotomously separated form the socially most valued locations in terms of production of material and symbolic goods, but they have a continuous relation to the "center" of urban social life from specific mediations, conditioned by the existence of cross-cutting social mechanisms, which act to reproduce social inequalities and hierarchies.Keywords: Urban periphery. State. Solidarity economy.

Research on Yinma Palletizing Robot Motion Feasibility Based on MATLAB-Robotics Toolbox

To realize the working requirements of silver Horse Companys palletizing robot. Firstly, MATLAB software was used to establish mathematical model of the robot, and it calculated the robot workspace and generated workspace figures; it can also verify whether the predetermined grip and place points satisfy a predetermined workspace. Based on this analysis inverse kinematic of the robot, each joint angle from gripping position to place position was calculated. Polynomial interpolation method is applied to calculate the each joint trajectory; Finally, Robotics Toolbox is used to simulate the robot kinematics, and get the trajectory of the robot terminate executive body; each joint position, velocity trajectory can ensure no sudden change occurs in joint angular. In this paper, robot inverse kinematics completed robot end actuator position and posture transformation from the Cartesian space to the joint space. In order to make the joint space path planning possible, this will greatly simplify the calculation. And the joint space and Cartesian coordinate space does not exist a continuous relation, thus eliminating the singularity problem.

Development of Relations Between Canadian and American National Trade Unions Centers – 1886-1925

In this paper, the author explains how the relationships between Canadian and American trade union centers have developed. Up to the year 1897, there was no continuous relation between union organizations of both countries. The new binational policy adopted by the majority of the TLC delegates at its 1902 convention brought-forth the split in the Canadian labor movement. The unions expelled from the TLC founded the NTLC which became the CFL in 1908. When the latter disappeared in 1927, the French Canadian labor movement was about the only one to maintain its opposition to the American influence.

Girth Weld ECA From the Perspective of Code Revisions in North America

In North America there are two primary girth weld ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) codes: API 1104 Appendix A and CSA Z662 Appendix K. Both codes were developed in the early-to mid-1980’s and thus represent the technology of that time. Significant progress has been made since then in understanding the structural behavior of girth welds containing welding defects. This paper describes an effort funded by the PRCI (Pipeline Research Council International) to establish the technical basis for the revisions of these codes using the knowledge generated since the inception of the codes. The CSA Z662 Appendix K sets defect tolerance using separate fracture and plastic collapse criteria, while API 1104 Appendix A has only a fracture criterion. The worldwide trend in defect assessment is moving towards FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) based approach, by which both fracture and plastic collapse can be assessed in one consistent format. An FAD-based ECA procedure specifically tailored to girth welds has been developed in a separate PRCI-funded project. This procedure incorporates refined fracture and plastic collapse solutions and the effects of weld strength mismatch. The experimental verification has shown that the procedure is accurate and can become the basis for future code revisions. As an interim step towards the eventual adoption of a fully FAD-based approach, a number of revisions may be made to the API 1104 Appendix A, including (1) adding a plastic collapse criterion; (2) lowering the minimum CTOD requirement of using Appendix A to 0.003 inch (0.076 mm) from the current minimum of 0.005 inch (0.127 mm); (3) setting the allowable defect length as a continuous function of defect depth (height for buried defects); (4) allowing the use of any valid CTOD toughness greater than a set minimum value; (5) revising the notching procedure for HAZ CTOD testing. These recommendations are interdependent. Selectively adopting any of those recommendations may result in undesirable consequences. For instance, lowering minimum CTOD requirements necessitates the revision of allowable defect height. Adding the plastic collapse criterion would almost certainly require the change of defect length allowance of the fracture criterion from the current step function to a continuous relation. It should be made absolutely clear that lowering the minimum CTOD requirements for using Appendix A does not mean inferior weld quality control. It merely allows the assessment of significance of weld defects using the fracture mechanics methodology that has been proven effective. The interim step for the CSA Z662 Appendix K is revising the plastic collapse criterion. These revisions, when implemented, should result in more consistent degree of conservatism than the current codes. In certain cases, the size of the allowable defects is less restrictive than the current codes while maintaining consistent and adequate safety margin. This should translate to cost savings in both new construction and the maintenance of existing pipelines without sacrificing the safety and integrity of the pipelines.