Fundamental Categories of Artificial Neural Networks

The new era of the world uses artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The combination of AI and machine learning is called artificial neural network (ANN). Artificial neural network can be used as hardware or software-based components. Different topology and learning algorithms are used in artificial neural networks. Artificial neural network works similarly to the functionality of the human nervous system. ANN is working as a nonlinear computing model based on activities performed by human brain such as classification, prediction, decision making, visualization just by considering previous experience. ANN is used to solve complex, hard-to-manage problems by accruing knowledge about the environment. There are different types of artificial neural networks available in machine learning. All types of artificial neural networks work based of mathematical operation and require a set of parameters to get results. This chapter gives overview on the various types of neural networks like feed forward, recurrent, feedback, classification-predication.

Device Identity-Based User Authentication on Electronic Payment System for Secure E-Wallet Apps

E-wallets are a modern electronic payment system technology that easily recognize consumer interest, making our transactions very convenient and efficient. E-wallets are intended to substitute the existing physical wallet, which may tell others something about us as a person. That is why using a physical wallet is a unique, personal experience that cannot be duplicated. A solution would be to replace the physical wallet with an e-wallet on an existing mobile device. The personal nature of the e-wallet is that it should be installed on a unique device. One of the fundamental protections against any illegal access to e-wallet application is through authentication. In particular, the fundamental authentication category used in an existing e-wallet is based on knowledge (i.e., what you know), ownership (i.e., what you have), and biometric (i.e., what you are) authentication, which are sometimes prone to security threats such as account takeover, sim swapping, app cloning, or know your customer verification attacks. The design of an e-wallet authentication on mobile device solution must take into consideration the intensity of the security. To address this problem, this study proposes a design of e-wallet apps with an extension security element that focuses on the device identity in the existing user authentication mechanism. This study covers four fundamental categories of authentication: password, one time password, fingerprints, and international mobile equipment identifier. Using IMEI limits an e-wallet to be in one specific device in one time; this brings it into line with the nature of a physical wallet. In addition, it will be ready to handle the mentioned threats above, which will ultimately result in the far more reliable to use of e-wallet apps. The proposed authentication design has two phases, a registration phase and an authentication phase. The proposed method has been developed and implemented based on an Android Studio Firebase real-time database management and PayPal. In addition, the complete design has been evaluated using functional requirement testing to see how closely it meets functionality requirements. The results obtained from functional testing show that the functionalities of the proposed method meet the requirements, and one cannot use a same account on two devices; hence, it is secure from attacks. The result also shows that the proposed method has no errors. Moreover, it has been shown that our proposed method has better security parameters in terms of the existing method.

Metamorphoses of Portrait Genre in Russian Art at the Turn of the 18th–19th Centuries

The article is dedicated to the research of changes in the development of portrait painting in Russian art at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries. A more common approach in the academic literature is a study of typological variants for the portrait image within the stable system, formed under the influence of classicism, or the review of a new concept in portrait painting, embodied by the artists of Romantic period. In that regard the transitional stage, related to the fundamental revision of portrait’s nature as a specific genre, lacks the close attention of researchers. The crisis of Enlightenment’s ideals at the end of the 18th century causes a rethinking of the relationship between a person and the outside world. This tendency directly influences the art of portraiture, which is now distinguished by more expressed dynamism of image. This is particularly important to the national tradition of portrait painting in the 18th century, which before showed the static approach for the representation of model and the moderation of portrait characteristic. Meanwhile, the fluidity becomes not only a method of artistic expression in a single work, but also a guiding principle for the modification of portrait painting at the system level. In other words, there is a new understanding of the fundamental categories inherent in the portrait genre: the popularity of more compact forms of portrait art, the ratio of ceremonial and chamber trends, new relationships between the master and the model, the active interaction of the individual and the surrounding nature. The interest in English culture also plays an important role in these processes. Despite the transitional nature of the era and external influences, Russian portrait painting at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries remains one of the main national features of genre — the prevalence of semi-ceremonial variants of image.

The Composition Model in Music: To the Issue of Evolution of Concept

Понятие композиционной модели как структурносемантического прототипа музыкальной формы развивалось и эволюционировало вместе с понятием композиции как эстетической категории и одной из основополагающих категорий художественного творчества. В роли композиционной модели выступает художественный канон или авторский текст; она задается извне или выстраивается по индивидуально разработанному алгоритму; способом ее представления может быть вербализованная система правил, графическая схема или объективированный в звуковой форме образец. С возрастанием значимости в творческом процессе абстрактно-логического мышления область моделируемого внемузыкального неуклонно расширяется: от следования стратегическим законам ораторской речи - к расчетам на основе математических формул, от «биоморфизма» - к «техноморфизму». В статье рассмотрена эволюция понятия композиционной модели на материале сочинений, принадлежащих разным эпохам и стилям: Токкаты из органного триптиха И. С. Баха BWV 564, органной Сонаты № 6 d-moLL из цикла ор. 65 Ф. Мендельсона, Симфонии in C И. Стравинского, Concerto grosso памяти Веберна Ф. Караева и «VOI(REX)» Ф. Леру. The concept of a composite modeL as a structuraLLy semantic prototype of a musicaL form deveLoped and evoLved aLong with the concept of composition as an aesthetic category and one of the fundamentaL categories of artistic creation. The compositionaL modeL is an artistic canon or author's text, it is given from outside or is buiLt according to an individuaLLy deveLoped algorithm, the way in which it is presented can be a verbatim system of ruLes, a graphicaL diagram or an audibLe specimen. With increasing importance in the creative process of abstract and LogicaL thinking, the area of modeLLed extramusicaL is steadiLy expanding: from foLLowing the strategic Laws of oratory speech to caLcuLating on the basis of mathematicaL formuLae, from “bio-morphism” to “techno-morphism.” The articLe considers the evoLution of the concept of the composition modeL on the materiaL of works beLonging to different epochs and styLes: Toccata from the organ triptych I. S. Bach BWV 564, Sonata 6 d-moLL from op. 65 F. MendeLssohn, Symphony in C I. Stravinsky, Concerto grosso in the memory of Webern F. Karaev and “VOI(REX)” F. Leroux.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS IN PREVENTING A COVID-19 PANDEMIC

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. To build an effective market economy and democratic society, Ukraine needs to create a platform for dialogue between the government, business and civil society. Social responsibility of business is one of the key factors for building such a dialogue. The main problem of modern information support of social responsibility of business is the lack of a mechanism for its formation, which served as the basis for the improvement of methodological foundations for the formation of information support of social responsibility of business.METHODS. The proposed system of parameters and criteria is the basis of a survey (using the method of hierarchy analysis), to assess the state of information support for social responsibility of business in the enterprises of the Kyiv region (Ukraine).FINDINGS. A conceptual approach to the development of social responsibility in business has been formed, the implementation of which is based on the development of a methodological framework in three areas. The first one is implemented in the work by adapting the provisions of international standards of social responsibility. The second direction is represented by the development of the mechanism of formation of information support of social responsibility of business, which provides, on the one hand, monitoring in the implementation of quality assessment of information support of social responsibility of business, and, on the other hand, optimization of the process of formation of information on social responsibility of the enterprise for stakeholders. The third direction of the conceptual approach is implemented in the work through the formation of the relationship between financial and social reporting indicators, which promotes consistent disclosure of non-financial and financial information in social reporting for stakeholders, which in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is of particular importance.CONCLUSION. The formation of information support for social responsibility of business should be seen as a combination of three pillars: theoretical, structural and process. The implementation of the mechanism is aimed at unifying the structure and content of social reporting and meeting the information needs of stakeholders, the implementation of international standards of social responsibility of business, based on the results of evaluation of their provisions and the development of terminology of the fundamental categories of the "open society". Implementation of the methodological approach will allow to form the enterprise's development priorities in terms of social responsibility of business, minimise conflicts of stakeholders and ensure the formation of interrelation between financial and social reporting indicators.

Theoretical and legal significance of the principles of national judiciary as a basis for protecting the rights of business entities

Given the recognized insufficient quality of law-making that takes place in Ukraine, the task is to develop as soon as possible effective methods of legislative technique, which, being reduced to a unified state standard, taking into account modern world and European experience, would actually serve as a kind of template. would clearly distinguish between regulated legal relations, and determine the conceptual apparatus that would meet the objectives of such regulation. The author's theoretical and legal study of certain fundamental categories, such as "principle", "principle", "basics", etc. has shown that unwarranted manipulation by both theorists and practitioners of these concepts leads to incomplete study of evidence to substantiate the guilt or innocence economic sphere. If they are used incorrectly, circumstances may arise that will cause damage to the business entity due to the enforcement of a court decision that has entered into force. This situation really threatens the establishment of the rule of law and constitutional principles in the conduct of business. Moreover, such actions reduce the activity of citizens in the direction of exercising the constitutional right to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Ensuring proper law and order in the economic sphere, the legislator must strictly adhere to the techniques of legislative technique on the introduction of new laws or amendments to existing regulations. In view of the above, there is a problem of a professional approach to the theoretical justification of the categories studied in this article, reducing them to a clear structured system. The main task, according to the author, is to give a universal character to those principles which, given the multiplicity of combined instruments of legitimate coercion against the violator of economic law, will simultaneously act as guarantees for the protection and safeguarding of the rights of honest entrepreneurs.

Categories “Public” and “Private” in the Constitutional Law of Russia

The paper considers the categories “public” and “private” from the standpoint of the theory of constitutional law, identifies the main aspects of their legal nature, as well as their potential for determining the essence and correlation of other legal phenomena, the study of which is an urgent task of constitutional law. The categories “public” and “private” are studied from the standpoint of constitutional axiology and on the basis of the formal legal foundations of their consolidation in the constitutional legislation of Russia. On the basis of the indicated categories, the author examines the correlation between such concepts as “rights of the people” and “human rights,” the legal regime of “common goods,” in particular land and other natural resources, from the standpoint of “public” and “private;" people and characteristics of individual self-expression. As a result, it is concluded that the “public” and “private” can become an effective toolkit in the study of various fundamental categories of constitutional law; with their help, it is possible to determine the essence of legal phenomena, relationships between them and the setting of priorities in lawmaking and law enforcement.

Semantics of Mythological Image of Yuryung Aiyy Toyon in Its Fundamental Principle (Archaic Texts of Olonkho)

The question is raised about the correlation of mythological ideas with scientific information and the corresponding object of reality. It is noted that, the cognitive potential of myths continues to remain inaccessible to the perception of a modern person due to his metaphorical language. The novelty of the research is seen in an attempt to verify the semantics of the mythological image of Yuryung Aiyy Toyon in natural science discourse. The research involves a general scientific synergetic approach, lexical-semantic, contrastive-comparative, structural-semantic types of analysis, the method of mutual interpretation. In addition, special methods of depersonification, demetaphorization, and dehyperbolization of the mythological image were applied. Particular attention is paid to isolating the initial meaning of the lexeme үрүҥ — the component that generates the semantic space of the name Yuryung Aiyy Toyon. As a result of a comparative analysis, the essential content of the mythological image of a single origin and the supreme creator Yuryung Aiyy Toyon is revealed in a new light, as a basic concept of the existence of the universe from the point of view of modern science — light, the spread of which is a key factor in determining the fundamental categories of the flow of time and the length of space.

“Tudo é e não é” entre sertão e gerais rosianos / “Everything is and is not” between sertão and gerais rosianos

Resumo: Este artigo busca analisar as formas de tensões e distensões na relação significativa de aproximação e distanciamento entre o sertão e os gerais rosianos, a partir de Corpo de baile (1956). Nesse livro, composto por sete narrativas, o processo de elaboração do espaço ficcional surge de maneira difusa gerando especificidades que recolocam em discussão as representações do espaço que se estruturara por meio da impossibilidade de fixar limites entre eles. Discute-se o sertão como um sistema móvel, cenário central da obra rosiana, e seus desdobramentos em gerais e veredas, categorias fundamentais na construção da narrativa e nas delimitações das singularidades das personagens viajantes. Nos textos rosianos, a construção do espaço é colocada em constante processo de ressignificação e aparece como lugares que estão paradoxalmente dentro e fora do mapa. Com base nesta problematização, propõe-se investigar como se configuram as manifestações de semelhanças e diferenças nesses espaços polissêmicos. Palavras-chave: gerais; sertão; Corpo de baile.Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the forms of tensions and distensions in the significant relationship of approximation and detachment between the hinterland and the rosianos gerais, starting from Corpo de baile (1956). In this book, composed by seven narratives, the process of elaboration of the fictional space appears in a diffuse manner, generating specificities that replace the representations of the space that was structured through the impossibility of setting limits between them. We will discuss the hinterland as a mobile system, the central setting of rosiana work, and its deployment in gerais and paths, fundamental categories in the construction of the narrative and in the delimitations of the singularities of the traveling characters. In rosianos texts, the construction of space is placed in a constant process of resignification and appears as places that are paradoxically inside and outside the map. Based on this problematization, we propose to investigate how the manifestations of similarities and differences configure themselves in these polysemic spaces.Keywords: gerais; hinterland; Corpo de baile.

INTERACTION OF OBJECT, SUBJECT AND SYNERGETIC CATEGORIES IN SCIENTIFIC WORK

This article is about one of the most fundamental categories of philosophy, the object and the subject, and focuses on its place and role in scientific research. The objective of the research activity is the object in the broadest sense of reality. The researcher acts as a subject, whether it is an individual or a specific community (creative team). Synergetics has gained the status of a philosophical category as a branch of science and is important in the study of significant changes in the universe.