Conversion of Two-Stroke Vehicle to an Electric Vehicle

Amid the global pandemic of covid-19, fuel prices have soared a record high, crossing the Rs. 100 landmark for petrol and diesel. This leads to an increase in prices across all products, which cuts in deeper into the already thin bottom lines of ordinary citizens. Public outcry aside, the rise in fuel prices indicates an accelerating trend, which emphasizes the need to find alternative sources of fuel for transport; the ever growing sector. In recent years, reports of possible banning two-stroke engines, coupled with the emergence of a new emission standard in India, have re-ignited questions about how two-stroke vehicles, can be powered from alternative sources of energy. This project intends to address the above question, by assessing the feasibility of a different alternative, by designing an electric drivetrain for a twowheeler, while aiming to be practical and economical for the ordinary man riding it. This project intends to be a cost-feasibility study, whose aim, to realize a full EV conversion of a twowheeler, less than 50% of current market price of base level, original EV’s, thereby proving to be a feasible alternative to people who cannot afford the alternative; and also solving the logistical and environmental problems arising from a large number of abandoned or suboptimal use of such vehicles, when the shift happens.

Payment of Zakat on Business Using Stock and Goods:A Preliminary Analysis

Zakat is one of the obligations on every Muslim with the aim of helping those who are poor and needy while at the same time purifying the wealth and soul of the contributor. There are several types of zakat and one of them is zakat on business. In discussing Shariah issues related to zakat on business, one of the topics discussed is the method of payment of zakat on business, whether paying with money, stocks or business goods or a choice between the two. In view of the need to pay zakat other than using money, especially in the case of companies which have a shortage of cash and excess unsold merchandise, the study was conducted to obtain information on the debate of scholars on the Shariah rule for payment of zakat with goods, and their potential for application in business zakat payments, in addition to the challenges and constraints in its implementation. The study utilized a comprehensive library study, analyzing the arguments and scholars’ discussions related to the subjectand selecting the preferred opinions. The findings showed that in terms of the payment method for zakat on business, some scholars viewed that the payment of business zakat must utilise money, while some stated that the payment must be in the form of goods and stocks of the business itself, while some others stated that the payment of zakat on business is the right of the contributor to choose from money or goods and stocks. The study also found that there were several issues and challenges in the implementation of zakat payments using business goods, including the existing fatwa on zakat on business that stipulated only money would be accepted as zakat payment and it must be paid to zakat authorities. The study also aimed to determine the type of goods to be accepted as business zakat payments, the method of zakat calculations on the goods and whether it should be at original cost price, current market price or premium or discount, and other issues.

“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF CADILA AND TORRENT PHARMACUTICALS IN GUJRAT STATE”

Estimation of any company real worth is made by the earnings which depend on investments, quality goods, competitiveness, expertise, quality management of company, profitability, capital structure and dividend policy, corporate social responsibilities. For investing in any company many people use a comparative analysis or financial performances of last data to make their buy or sell decisions. We do this because we need to examine a current market price is fair or not. Investor should analyse management, product, strategy, economy, financial status and other information will help to choose that invest or not. Here attempt madeto analyze the comparative analysis through analysis of financial performance of 2 pharmaceutical companies by using a ratio analysis.

Persian Walnut in Vietnam: A Potential Fruit Tree for Poverty Reduction

Persian walnut, Juglans regia L., is a long-lived, wind-pollinated and deciduous tree, which produces large, woody, shelled and edible nuts. J. regia is one of the most economically important cultivated species for timber and nutritious nuts. Its nuts have medicinal importance for human health by high antioxidant capacity. J. regia has been planted in Northern Vietnam for decades. In this study, a survey was conducted in three provinces to understand current planting sites and production of planted trees. The results indicated that J. regia was planted personally in gardens of local people in Lai Chau, Lao Cai and Ha Giang provinces, sharing borderlines with China. The planted trees are 10-30 years old with some exceptions of up to 40-50 years old. Generally, each household owns 2-3 fruited trees with some exceptions of up to 10 trees. After planting 7 years, trees fruit annually. However, the production varies among trees. A best 20-25-year-old tree can yield 55 kg fruits/year with current market price of 1.5 US$/ 1 kg fruits. There exists high variation of fruit production among planted sites, as results of climate difference, and unknown source and sexual propagation seedlings. It is concluded that to establish an extensive plantation of J. regia for high fruit production, selecting superior genotypes from local populations should be conducted, then vegetative propagation such as grafting should be applied to produce good and uniform seedlings.

Estimating the size of the black economy: new evidence from India

Purpose The issue of black economy has long been debated in India and it has been one of the key targets of policy action from last four decades. The debate is further fueled by demonetization of higher currency notes in the country. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to estimate the size of black economy in India for the period 1970–2017. Design/methodology/approach A currency demand approach is adopted for this purpose. The test of structure break indicates for a break in the system; therefore, the authors employ Johansen et al. (2000) cointegration test. For estimating the empirical model, the authors utilize fully modified ordinary least squares in a cointegration framework for taking care the endogeneity problem. Findings The estimates indicate that the Indian economy has a sizable black economy. In early 1970s, when the tax rate in India was significantly higher, the estimated black economy was above 30 percent of the official GDP. A variety of economic reforms including taxation, regulation and industrial licensing have drastically reduced the size to below 15 percent of official GDP in the last two decades. In the last estimated year (2017), the black economy was 23,849bn Indian rupees at current market price (around $400bn), which was 14 percent of the official GDP. Practical implications On the basis of the findings, the authors suggest some important fiscal, administrative and regulatory reforms to curb the generation of black economy in India. Originality/value The structural breaks can induce stochastic behavior similar to an integrated process, which makes it difficult to differentiate between the lack of cointegration and a structural shift. Thus, in the present study, the authors attempt to address this issue by incorporating the issue of structural break in the analysis. Furthermore, India is a cash-based economy; therefore, it is likely that currency-based models are more suitable. The application of advanced time-series techniques is likely to yield better and robust results.

E-Application and Dss for Farmers to Sell Food Crops Through E-Auction

Farmers have been facing issues while selling their food crops in market due to intermediate persons, who actually got profit by setting low price while buying from farmers and later sell the same at higher price to the customers. Through e-application is developed for farmers to set their own price to their products and allows buyers for e-auction. Farmers can set the initial bid amount based on quality, life time and current market price of the products before going for e-auction. The buyers can find nearest sellers through GPS navigation system. Choices locked once validity of bidding over and corresponding buyer, seller get notified through SMS. The interface also act as Decision Support System(DSS) for farmers to post their queries for getting advice's from agriculture specialists.

The Influence of Organic Product Classification On Charitable Contributions Embedded in Retail Prices

Research on embedding direct charitable contributions into purchase transactions through increasing product price has revealed mutual benefits for charitable organisations and for-profit companies. This process is referred to as the embedded premium (EP). The potential for this type of mutually beneficial cause marketing has been shown to apply to a wide range of products. The fastest growing product classification in the United States, organic products generally cost more than their non-organic alternatives. The basis of this research is to examine if organic products enhance the utility of EP offerings. Eight different organic and non-organic food products are presented in a 64-block, single choice set design to a national sample of consumers with choice options between current market price and current market price plus 5% price premium with entire premium going directly to charity. The results of the research indicate that organic products with EP were, on an average, chosen almost five percentage points less frequently than similar EP choices involving non-organic products.

Why do Korean Holding Companies Trade at a Steeper Discount to Net Asset Value?

This case deals primarily with the valuation of holding companies in Korea and the significant gap between its market price and net asset value (NAV), which is the sum of the estimated values of the assets in the portfolio of the holding company minus debt. Typically in the developed markets, holding company discount (as measured by price to NAV minus one) ranges between 15 to 30 percent according the various empirical studies.In Korea, however, holding company discount could stretch up to 30 to 60 percent, and often times, 30 to 40 percent has been used as a rule of thumb among the investment community. A steep discount of current market price to NAV might be interpreted as a convincing rationale for investment opportunity, but this could be a dangerous simplification of idea unless underlying reasons are properly understood.Therefore, the purpose of this case is to understand the valuation of holding companies, especially in the context of capital markets in Korea as compared to other developed markets, and develop a proper sense of investment opportunities therein.