Petrochemical Production Big Data and its Four Typical Application Paradigms

In recent years, the big data has attracted more and more attention. It can bring us more information and broader perspective to analyse and deal with problems than the conventional situation. However, so far, there is no widely acceptable and measurable definition for the term “big data”. For example, what significant features a data set needs to have can be called big data, and how large a data set is can be called big data, and so on. Although the "5V" description widely used in textbooks has been tried to solve the above problems in many big data literatures, "5V" still has significant shortcomings and limitations, and is not suitable for completely describing big data problems in practical fields such as industrial production. Therefore, this paper creatively puts forward the new concept of data cloud and the data cloud-based "3M" descriptive definition of big data, which refers to a wide range of data sources (Multisource), ultra-high dimensions (Multi-dimensional) and a long enough time span (Multi-spatiotemporal). Based on the 3M description of big data, this paper sets up four typical application paradigms for the production big data, analyses the typical application of four paradigms of big data, and lays the foundation for applications of big data from petrochemical industry.

Defining rehabilitation: An exploration of why it is attempted, and why it will always fail

The problem: Over 187 definitions of rehabilitation exist, none widely agreed or used. Why? The word: Words represent a core concept, with a penumbra of associated meanings. A word means what is agreed among those who use it. The precise meaning will vary between different groups. Words evolve, the meaning changing with use. Other words may capture some of the concepts or meanings. A definition: A definition is used to control the unstable, nebulous meaning of a word. It delineates, creating a boundary. A non-binary spectrum of meaning is transformed into binary categories: rehabilitation, or not rehabilitation. In clinical terms, it is a diagnostic test to identify rehabilitation. There are many different reasons for categorising something as rehabilitation. Each will need its own definition. Categorisation: The ability of a definition to distinguish cases accurately must be validated by comparison with ‘the truth’. If there were an external ‘true’ test to identify rehabilitation, a definition would not be needed. As with most concepts, the only truth is agreement by people familiar with the required distinction. Any definition will generate misclassification. People familiar with the required distinction will also need to resolve mis-categorisation. Description: An alternative is a ‘descriptive definition’, listing features over several domains which must be present. This fails logically. Rehabilitation is an emergent concept, more than the sum of its parts. Conclusion: A useful definition cannot be achieved because no definition will cover all needs, and a specific definition for a purpose will misclassify some cases.

Application status of the definition of polytrauma in clinical research-A review of the past decade

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution and latest trends in the application of different polytrauma definitions in the past ten years of clinical research, by collecting published polytrauma study data. Method: We conducted Pubmed, Embase and Ovid searches of literature on polytrauma, published between January 2008 and December 2018. The title, author name, definition of polytrauma, publishing date, country, type of article, and the name and impact factor of journal were recorded and analysed. Results: Based on different definition of polytrauma, the selected articles were grouped into four categories: (1) definition of polytrauma based on ISS, (2) definition of polytrauma based on NISS, (3) definition of polytrauma based on AIS, (4) descriptive definition of polytrauma. The 321 selected articles were published in 56 journals, predominantly in European and American medical journals, led by Injury (n = 41), followed by Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (n = 27) and European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (n = 17). Germany had the largest number of publications, with 88 articles. All articles were clinical research. There were 88 multi-centre studies and 233 single-centre studies. Conclusions: The definition of polytrauma in clinical research was still mainly based on ISS. The appearance of the “New Berlin Definition” provides a new direction for its development. However, all these varying definitions are inconsistent and a globally recognised definition of polytrauma should be established.

Common and Comprehensive European Definition of Hate-Speech Alternative Proposal

Europe needs to define the term and legal (criminal & constitutional) concept of “hate speech” precisely. The definition must be written in legal literature and in legislation. It must also be offered by the European Constitutional Courts and, last but not least, by the ECtHR. A descriptive definition offered inter alia by the ECtHR judgement in case of Vejdeland vs. Sweden (2012) was only a guidance. The new ECtHR judgement in the case of Carl Jóhann Lilliendahl vs. Iceland (11th of June 2020) addressed “homophobic speech” as “hate speech” directly. By combining the ECtHR case-law on freedom of expression in the last five years with understanding of this concept in the Slovenian Criminal Code (and with only subordinated reference to the understanding of this term by the European Commission) the author offers an alternative proposal for a new, common and comprehensive European definition of “hate speech.”

The Intrinsic Nature of Emergence—With Illustrations

George Henry Lewes introduced anthropomorphism into the emergence literature. This opened the way for attempts to define emergence with factors that are not relevant to its intrinsic nature. In this paper, the general context of emergence in the universe is presented, mainly in terms of general systems understanding. This is followed by a descriptive definition of the intrinsic nature of emergence, and a discussion of how the process of emergence changes due to the roles of various factors.Material-reality is composed of elementary particles organized into seemingly endless patterns-of-organization of material structure and process. The difference between the smaller or the simpler patterns and the larger or the more complex patterns is the quantity of elementary particles and the patterns-of-organization of those particles.Reality is that which exists. There is but one reality—all that exists. Reality develops, that is, everything that exists takes part in one way or another in a universally omnipresent transition, a sequential-difference from one time, place, part, pattern, level, condition, or situation to another involving some form of enhancement.Emergence is a type of development. Emergence is a general-factor, a process-pattern-of-organization that plays a universal role in the coming into existence of new pattern-of-material-organization as a consequence of motion. Emergence itself develops, occurring in simple form in situations where few factors are playing roles, and in more complex form in situations where more factors are playing roles. Some additional factors that result in the foundational developments of emergence are combinatorial-enhancement, contact, causal push, throughflow wherein the flow of energy reorganizes matter and blocking matter reorganizes the flow of energy, and coherent bonding of one part of matter with another. Emergence is intrinsically determinate in that, in the process of emergence, the existence and intrinsic qualities of what goes before determine the existence and intrinsic qualities of what follows. Both complexity and the hierarchic organization of material-reality are consequences of emergence.

A Version of Fundamental Theorem for the Ito-McShane Integral of an Operator-Valued Stochastic Process

In this paper, we formulate a descriptive definition or a version of fundamental theorem for the Ito-McShane integral of an operator-valued stochastic process with respect to a Hilbert space-valued Wiener process. For this reason, we introduce the concept of belated Mcshane dierentiability and a version of absolute continuity of a Hilbert space-valued stochastic process.

Interjections in the contemporary Serbian language: Classification and lexicographic treatment

This paper analyzes interjections based on the material from the SASA Dictionary, as well as from the six-volume and one-volume Serbian dictionaries of Matica Srpska. Moreover, we looked into their grammatical description and classification in Serbian literature. Based on the voluminous excerpted material (over 1000 interjections and words functioning as interjections), we refined the classification by adding new types of interjections. The said addition is founded upon the concept of language functions by Roman Jakobson. In our classification, apart from the expressive, imperative and onomatopoeic interjections, they can also be communicative (singled out of the imperative ones) (e.g. ej, alo, oj), poetic-folk (e.g. op, opa, salaj; asa, kasa) and metalinguistic (e.g. bla-bla, su-su). All of these types are further categorized into subtypes. Expressive interjections now include a subgroup of gradual/intensifying interjections (e.g. ihaj, uha), and communicative ones contain a subtype used in communication with children - when putting them to sleep, using baby talk, etc. (e.g. nina-nana, nuna). In the paper we recommend the following models of defining interjections: for expressive interjections: (interj./interjection) ?for expressing / declaring / emphasizing? + N in gen. (denoting a feeling, affective state, mood, emotional or sensory reaction to the outside world, attitude, etc.); for communicative interjections: (interj./ interjection) ?for + verbal N in acc.? (calling somebody and responding to the call, addressing, maintaining communication, baby talk); for imperative interjections: (interj./ interjection) ?used + V? (to lure, urge, drive, spur, call (mostly animals)) or: (interj./ interjection) ?for + verbal N in acc.? (driving, luring, spurring (mostly animals)); for onomatopoeic interjections: (interj./interjection) ?for imitating (more rarely mimicking) + N in gen.? or ?used for imitating? + N in nom.? (used for naming the auditive phenomenon that is imitated); for metalinguistic interjections, the models of definitions recommended for onomatopoeias can be applied; for poetic-folk interjections a descriptive definition is used: ?without specific meaning (in song refrains, often for metrical purposes; in games, chants, riddles, incantations, curses, etc.)?.