EFFICACY OF SEVELAMER CARBONATE IN COMBINATION WITH EDIBLE SOURCES IN HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISORDER

Objective: The main objective of the study was to discover a suitable dietary source of plant origin which can be recommended alongside the medication in case of hyperphosphatemia. Methods: The 2 plant samples chow chow (Sechiumedule) and bitter gourd (Momordica carantia) and two seed samples-Flax seeds (Linumusitatissimum) and Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) were selected for the study. The samples were extracted using methanol. The filtrate obtained was used for dialysis studies under different conditions. Inorganic phosphate was estimated in each of the conditions. Results: The study indicated perturbation in the absorption of phosphate with the selected plant samples as talked about in the following study. The extreme concentration of phosphate among the four diverse picked plant sources was seen in bitter gourd, which was found to be 0.4686 µmoles/ml. A minimal measure of 0.0693 µmoles/ml of phosphate was found in chia seeds. Chow chow ended up being the best one in hyperphosphatemia condition as the amount of phosphate removed by it along with the drug, sevelamer carbonate, was calculated to be the maximum (0.0561 µmoles). It was followed by chia seeds (0.0429 µmoles) and flax seeds (0.0420 µmoles). Conclusion: The present study concentrates on the impact of various samples of plant extraction that can act on the phosphate absorption in the intestine by the procedure of dialysis.

Modeling an urban highway: A statistical physics point of view for a nonphysical system

Nowadays, methodologies coming from studying physical systems are being applied to the description of a wide variety of complex systems. In particular, one can study thermodynamical methods to describe the overall behavior of many systems, independent of the precise microscopic construction. In this paper, a real Mexican highway is studied as a cellular automata system using available official data released by the Mexican Government. The system studied is the Cuernavaca bypass which was modified in 2016. Official data allows to compare the highway before and after the modifications. As more complex thermodynamic variables such as entropy is difficult to define and measure in discrete traffic models, it is shown how other more simple variables such as the standard deviation can be enough to have a complete analysis of the system. More specifically, it is shown how standard deviation can be seen as a measure of order. Results from the study of the highway show how, taking a minimal measure such as ordering the transit of heavy trucks can reduce up to 30\% the travel time from one end to another. Otherwise, travel times stays practically constant with respect to the original system.

A escala e a medida. A criação de ponto de vista em dois poemas de Prosas seguidas de Odes mínimas, de José Paulo Paes

A crítica de José Paulo Paes reconheceu-lhe um caráter minimalista. Este artigo busca na noção de aspecto os instrumentos para a explicitação dessa percepção. Para além da constatação do tamanho dos poemas e versos, o conteúdo também constrói um universo minimalista. Ao imprimir recortes e saliências, o aspecto instaura um sujeito observador: um ponto de vista, que dará a medida diminuta dos objetos convocados. Os recortes da minimalidade aspetual em dois poemas de Prosas seguidas de Odes mínimas se construirão tanto no tempo – campo tradicional do aspecto linguístico – quanto nas categorias de espaço e pessoa. As saliências dos recortes aspectuais ganharão paulatinamente figuras de atenuação e aproximação do sujeito, construindo a chave da leitura minimalista e desencadeando também a leitura metalinguística dos poemas. Além de explicitar os procedimentos do fazer poético de Paes, esta análise traz operacionalidade à noção de aspecto estendida às categorias de pessoa, tempo e espaço.********************************************************************Scale and Measure. On the creation of a view point in two poems of José Paulo Paes'sAbstract: The critics of José Paulo Paes have recognized a minimalist aspect in his work. This paper looks at the notion of aspect as a tool to explain such perception. Beyond the size of poems and verses, the content also builds a minimalist universe. By imprinting boundaries and relief, an observer comes into play: a point of view, that will offer the minimal measure of the objects called forth. The minimal aspect in two poems in Prosas seguidas de Odes mínimas is founded in time – which houses the traditional linguistic aspect – as well as in the categories of space and person. The reliefs created are progressively attenuated and the figures are brought to the scale of the subject, building thus the key to the minimalist reading, and ultimately triggering a meta-linguistic reading of the poems. Finally, and in addition to the exploration of the semiotic procedures underlying the poetics of Paes, our analytic exercise shows how one may operate with the discursive extensions of the notion of aspect to the categories of person, time and space.Keywords: Semiotics; Poetics; Aspect; Discursive categories

Incomplete markets: convergence of options values under the minimal martingale measure

In the setting of incomplete markets, this paper presents a general result of convergence for derivative assets prices. It is proved that the minimal martingale measure first introduced by Föllmer and Schweizer is a convenient tool for the stability under convergence. This extends previous well-known results when the markets are complete both in discrete time and continuous time. Taking into account the structure of stock prices, a mild assumption is made. It implies the joint convergence of the sequences of stock prices and of the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the minimal measure. The convergence of the derivatives prices follows.This property is illustrated in the main classes of financial market models.

Incomplete markets: convergence of options values under the minimal martingale measure

In the setting of incomplete markets, this paper presents a general result of convergence for derivative assets prices. It is proved that the minimal martingale measure first introduced by Föllmer and Schweizer is a convenient tool for the stability under convergence. This extends previous well-known results when the markets are complete both in discrete time and continuous time. Taking into account the structure of stock prices, a mild assumption is made. It implies the joint convergence of the sequences of stock prices and of the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the minimal measure. The convergence of the derivatives prices follows.This property is illustrated in the main classes of financial market models.

Cell adhesion to hydroxyl groups of a monolayer film

We have studied cells on chemically defined monomolecular films of the long-chain alcohol docosanol. Langmuir-Blodgett films of the alcohol were deposited on glass coverslips, previously made hydrophobic with octadecyl groups. This gives films in which the alcohol headgroups face outwards to the water. Molecular orientation and film integrity were shown by a fluorescence adsorption test. Cell contacts on the films were observed in media without proteins by interference reflection microscopy (IRM) and the mechanics of detachment were examined by hydrodynamic shearing in a flow chamber. Cell contact with docosanol was compared with that on an adjacent area of octadecyl glass without a monolayer. Dictyostelium amoebae settled and spread on both docosanol and octadecyl glass, but little or no locomotion was seen on docosanol. On octadecyl glass the amoebae moved actively, forming ultrathin cytoplasmic lamellae, which look dark under IRM, and left distinctive trails of membranous debris. Hydrodynamic shearing showed that the amoebae stuck strongly to both surfaces and could not be removed from either at the maximum attainable wall shear stress of 6Nm-2. Red blood cells also adhered to both surfaces and removal from both occurred between 1 and 3Nm-2. IRM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicated that this force leads to a minimal measure of red cell adhesion, since removal often involved the breakage of cytoplasmic tethers. Our results show that alcoholic -OH groups, in a two-dimensional array, provide a surface that is strongly adhesive for cells. No other method has made it possible to demonstrate cell adhesion purely to -OH groups, in a known orientation and density, and in the absence of any other functional groups on the interface.

Estimates of distortional strain in mylonites from the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, Tomiko area, Ontario

The Grenville Front Tectonic Zone extends as much as 30 km into the Grenville Province of Ontario, but reaches only a few kilometres into the Superior and Southern Provinces. For a distance of >75 km, this tectonic zone passes through a large granitic body, the Ingall Lake Batholith. Here the Superior portion of the zone is characterized by numerous north to northeast trending faults which cut the Grenville Front Boundary Fault. One of these younger structures, the Kettle Lake Fault, is exposed on Highway 11 about 1 km north of the Grenville Front Boundary Fault. Its mylonites are generally derived from feldspar-porphyritic trondhjemite, and contain numerous folded dykes of pink aplite.The folds plot into J. G. Ramsay's class 1C field, and represent flattened buckles. Using Ramsay's methods, C/B (flattening) and C (buckling) were estimated for the preserved parts of seven minor folds. The remaining components of overall strain were calculated on the basis of k-values obtained for the mylonitic trondhjemite adjacent to the buckles. Susceptibility anisotropy determinations provided an objective but minimal measure of k. The dilatational part of the deformation was ignored by putting ABC = 1. Thus for B (buckling) we found that B3 − B2C(1 −(1/k)) − 1/k = 0. This cubic equation has one real root B and two conjugate imaginary roots. Similarly for the flattening phase, A/B = 1 − k(1 − (B/C). Total strain components were obtained by superimposing the flattening strain on the buckling strain. Maximum values of C range from 0.081 to 0.395 depending on the severity of mylonitization.

An alternative method for finite element analysis: a combinatorial approach to the flexibility method for structural continua and to analogous methods in field analysis

Earlier work on the flexibility analysis of skeletal structures via a combinatorial approach is extended to give a procedure for enforcing compatibility of the nodal displacements of a finite element idealization, which here is called the flexibility method. The procedure relies upon a cycle basis of minimal measure of an associated graph, and upon a distinction between ‘infilling’ and other simple cycles; it also relies upon the enforce­ment of local conditions of compatibility along inter-element boundaries. The paper is intended to give a clear physical description of the procedures involved. A plane strain and a viscous flow example are given.

Cycle bases of minimal measure for the structural analysis of skeletal structures by the flexibility method

The development of the flexibility method of analysis of skeletal structures has been hindered by the difficulty of determining a suitable statical basis on which to form the flexibility matrix. A combinatorial approach reduces the difficulty to one of selecting a minimal basis of the cycle vector space. After an introduction to flexibility analysis and a brief review of earlier work using combinatorics, the paper presents a procedure to construct a finite sub-set of the cycle vector space containing the elements of all minimal bases. This makes the generation of the required basis feasible by a finite procedure, such as Welsh’s generalization of the Kruskal algorithm. It is thus possible to have an automatic method for the analysis of skeletal structures which uses an optimal combinatorial approach.