Professional journalistic speech in the media environment

The research deals with one of the most important topics in the field of studying Russian as a foreign language - the diversity of the Russian language media environment. The purpose of the study is to determine its status in Russian-speaking media environment professional journalistic speech, that is its communicative status. The work analyses Russian-language publications of the traditional print press, radio, television, and materials presented in the communicative environment of the Internet: sites of various publishing houses, publics on social networks, blogs, etc. The paper is based on descriptive and comparative analysis. For the first time the content of the concept professional journalistic speech is revealed in the linguistic aspect. The main feature defining the ontology of media speech is the utility - direct involvement in general social life. Media text in its existence is always associated with the time of its publication, has specific coordinates of the social space-time, is created for here and for now. It is this feature of media speech that determines all its lexical and grammatical parameters. The media environment is presented as a space for everyday social communication. It is accompanied by the communicative space of everyday interpersonal communication - conversational speech. The latter thanks to Internet communication technologies actively invades the media speech space. Media speech actively interacts with colloquial speech. The research has shown that professional journalistic speech has always been a systemic element of the media environment, which manifests itself in a wide variety of forms. Numerous private enterprises are adapting professional journalistic speech products to their needs. The media communication environment is open, and in its borders, the printed form of colloquial speech is emerging. The space of non-professional media speech is also emerging - certain types of blogs, news feed Yandex-Zen. In the media sphere, the share of oral speech is constantly increasing. Because of the general trend towards personalization of the general information and analytical stream, the volume of author broadcasting increases. In this situation professional oral journalism requires special attention in the aspect of its non-verbal components of communication. Specialization in author broadcasting needs the technology of teaching Russian oral speech with increased attention to non-verbal components that have a pronounced national identity. The research prospects are primarily associated with dynamically developing local Russian-language speech media systems as verbal and polycode, as their composition is constantly being updated.

Difficulties and Perspectives of Parametrical Conception of Language

The article looks into the issues, outlined in M. Baker's The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar . This work is notable for the parametric theory of the languages, set out in it, according to which languages are different, nevertheless retaining the ability to be compared. That can be further supported by the assertion that the differences among languages are determined by "a smallish number of discreet elements, called parameters."What is more, the diversity of language reveals a certain regularity, very much resembling that of Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements. Our research team of professional linguists and philosophers put this claim to a critical analysis, the results of which are featured in this article. One of the major ones among them is the supposition that Baker, in accordance with the traditions of Chomsky generative linguistics, turns temporal continuums into special relations. He did that without discussing the consequences of such move, which made it impossible to develop the psychological and linguistic aspect of the subject raised by him.

«Сказание о Гесере-богдо» в записи от Дорджиева Шарлда Дорджиевича, 1893 г. р.: общая характеристика, текст, комментарий

Introduction. This paper introduces the authentic text of ”Gesr bogdyn tusk tuuji” (The Saga of Geser-bogdo) for the academic community. It was written down in Malye Derbety, Maloderbety raion, Kalmyk ASSR in 1982 by the present author; its performer was Sharlda Dordzhievich Dordzhiev (1893–1984), Baga khurul shabiner, uimguilmyd. The original text is supplemented by Russian translation made by the author of the publication and a short biography of the performer. Also, the article includes a brief description of the sample, focusing on the specifics of recording and of keeping the field notes. The article aims at introducing new material, such as the authentic text ”The Saga of Geser-bogdo”, its Russian translation, and the performer’s biographical data. Data and methods. The research is based on the manuscript from the author’s private archive; the Kalmyk text of eleven pages is written down on paper (A4, yellow paper). There are also additional materials, such as the interviews with Dordzhiev’s relatives and villagers. Results. ”The Saga of Geser-bogdo” is devoted to an interesting story of Geser-bogdo’s mission, i. e. the protagonist’s efforts to free the Earth (Middle World) from cold, as well as demons personified as Andzhlula and his wife. The narrative is based on two microstories: i) an unsuccessful attempt to getrid of cold on the Earth with the help of Khurmusta Tengri and ii) the victory over Andzhlula and his wife with the help of Sandzhi, the protagonist’s brother from heavens. The analysis shows that, in terms of its structure and content, ”The Saga of Geser-bogdo” includes a number of important segments, which are parallel to other Geser’s epic narratives. The manuscript is of relevance for studies of the Kalmyk oral tradition of Geser sagas. Conclusions. ”The Saga of Geser-bogdo”, performed by Dordzhiev in 1982, indicates that oral retellings of Geser sagas were widely circulated in Kalmykia. Also, the data pertaining to the storyteller’s life and art shows the popularity of the epic narratives in the Kalmyk milieu at the time the recording was made (late 20th c.). The epic sample maybe of interest to folklorists and epic scholars for their comparative and textological studies, as well as for the studies of storytelling tradition and of the linguistic aspect of popular oral art.

Kajian Antropolinguistik Bentuk Lingual Umbu dalam Nyanyian Tidur “Ille Le” pada Masyarakat Melolo, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur (Antropholinguistic Study Word "Umbu‟ in Sleeping Song “Ille Le” at the Melolo Community, East Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara)

Antropolinguistik menempatkan bahasa sebagai kajian utama dan keberadaannya dalam berbagai aspek kebahasaan. Jika dalil tersebut digunakan, lirik sebagai aspek kebahasaan bergayut dengan musikalitas nyanyian “Ille Le” ‗nyanyian tidur‘ masyarakat Melolo. Secara lebih spesifik ditetapkan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana kajian antropolinguistik bentuk lingual umbu nyanyian tidur “Ille Le” pada masyarakat Melolo, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka diperoleh research gap yaitu penelitian spesifik antropolinguitik kajian nyanyian budaya. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah semiotik kognitif berdasarkan prinsip semiotik de Saussure. Metode penelitian menggunakan ancangan kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi.. Hasil penelitian 1) lirik patriarkat terlihat dalam struktur syair “Ille Le” pada kata umbu ‗anak laki-laki‘; 2) lirik ini dinyanyikan berulang dalam ambitus nada pentatonik. Nyanyian “Ille Le” menceritakan kehidupan masyarakat Melolo pada seorang bayi laki-laki „umbu‟.. Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kajian antropolinguistik yang berkaitan dengan lirik nyanyian budaya. Bentuk lingual yang khas tidak dapat dipisahkan dari bentuk musikalnya. Anthropolinguistics places language as the main study and its existence in various aspects of language. Anthropolinguistics in this study relates to the lyrics and musicality of the song “Ille Le” „sleep song‟ of the people of Melolo, East Nusa Tenggara. The problem in this research is how the anthropolinguistic study of patriarchal lyrics in „“Ille Le”‟ sleep songs in the Melolo community, East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Based on the literature review, it was obtained research gap are specific anthropolinguistic research on cultural singing studies. The song „“Ille Le”‟ can be grouped into oral literature, the linguistic aspect is influenced by a unique ethnic music style. The theory used in this research is cognitive semiotics based on de Saussure semiotics. The research method used a qualitative design with a fenomenology approach. The results of the study 1) patriarchal lyrics can be seen in the poetry structure “Ille Le” in the word umbu 'boys'; 2) these lyrics are sung over and over in ambitus pentatonic tones. The song “Ille Le” seeks the life of the Melolo community in a baby boy 'umbu'. The distinctive lingual form cannot be separated from the musical form.

Compositional Technique as a Language Mechanism: from Rule to Sound

Relevance of the study. lies in study of the concept of “compositional technique”, identifying its specificity as a linguistic mechanism. The technique of composition is functioning between language and text and thereby finds its concretization at the level of the composer, his thinking and style. In the typological similarity of the elements of each technique and, at the same time, in constant renewal, the understanding of the composition technique as a tradition is manifested, which seems essential for understanding the development of music in the 20th — early 21st centuries. The analysis of technique reveals its participation in the process of transition of language into speech at the moment of creating a certain work, which is also extremely important in modern musical culture. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian musicology composition techniques have been analyzed in the aspect of language and the functioning of technology as a linguistic mechanism has been investigated. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of the composition technique as a linguistic mechanism, the peculiarities of its functioning in the creative process in the linguistic aspect, to consider typical techniques in well-known established techniques as the corresponding rules for the embodiment and development of the material. Methods. The research is based on systemic and functional methods. The results and conclusions. The study of the composition technique in the aspect of the musical language allows us to renew our understanding of its specifics. The moment of selection of parts and the rules for their further combination emphasize the “general” nature of the composition technique. Being between language and text, technology functions as a linguistic mechanism, out of all the variety of a huge number of elements of the language, choosing only “its own” number, limits and concretizes the possible combination of these elements. The systemic nature of the compositional technique determines the functionality of the parts of each technique. With all the difference in established techniques, it is the functionality of the elements that reveals the general nature and similarity of processes in each technique. Significance of these results consists in the statement of the fact that reception in technology due to repetition and recognizability becomes the rule, offering options for its embodiment. The typing of techniques is very important for the composition technique. Simultaneously, each new incarnation of this technique renews and develops it.

Insulting in English and Iraqi-Arabic: A Pragmatic Study

Crimes are committed by uttering words or expressions, writing or signifying in a public way like insulting which is one of the crimes against public welfare. This crime has been dealt with and compared legally but its linguistic aspect has not been given much attention. This study tries to emphasize this crime pragmatically and contrastively in English and Arabic. No study has shed light on such aspects concerning the study under investigation. The researcher has not found any previous related study to get a benefit from about this topic. The aim of this study is to shed light on the points of similarity and difference in strategies of insulting in terms of speech act, implicature and impoliteness theories between English and Arabic. The present study hypothesizes the following: In terms of the three theories mentioned above, English and Arabic have points of similarities in strategies of insulting. To support or refute the hypothesis of the study, data consisting of 20 complaints in English and Arabic were collected from Courts of Appeal in Iraq, Britain and the United States. They are analyzed in terms of an eclectic model. The results arrived at are: English and Arabic are different in insulting in terms of the locutionary acts and illocutionary acts. Concerning impoliteness, the same strategies are applied to insulting in both languages. As far as implicature is concerned, the two languages are different in insulting.

TAHLILU MAWAD AD DIRASIYAH FI KITAB AL ARABIYAH AL MUFRIHAH

Good material and appropriate books, as needed, will help the students and the teacher while teaching. The Arabic Language Development Unit Program is obligatory for all university students at the State Islamic University of Antasari in Banjarmasin. This program is one of the conditions for obtaining a bachelor's degree. This research aims to analyze the book "Al-Arabiya Al-Mufarriha 2" from the linguistic aspect, teaching objectives, and the element of exercises. The type of this research is qualitative desk research with an analytical and descriptive approach. The researcher designed the design of this research as follows: The researcher began to take the data related to and needed to analyze the book “Al-Arabiya Al-Mufarriha 2”, the researcher determined the desired objectives for analyzing the data, and at the end, the researcher began to explore the crucial aspects of the book “Al-Arabiya Al-Mufarriha 2” of the advantages and disadvantages according to the objectives. The results of this research are the vocabulary and exercises from the book that are appropriate and consistent with the goals of teaching; some of the images used did not match the vocabulary intended for training.

A. I. SOLZHENITSYN’S LITERARY TEXT AS A SIGNIFICANT MEANS OF COGNITION BY FOREIGN STUDENTS OF THE MENTAL PECULIARITIES OF NATIVE RUSSIAN PEOPLE: LINGUISTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

В статье рассмотрены лингвометодические аспекты, связанные с обучением студентов-иностранцев (инофонов) русскому языку как иностранному на продвинутом уровне на примере работы с текстами А. И. Солженицына. Художественные тексты писателя изобилуют индивидуально-авторскими единицами, созданными по неизвестной или знакомой в современном русском языке модели. Подчеркивается, что сложность обучения инофонов русскому языку на базе художественных текстов А. И. Солженицына вызвана необходимостью самому преподавателю в полном объеме владеть тонкостями стиля писателя. Лингвистический аспект данной статьи позволяет осознать специфику структурного состава индивидуально-авторских единиц А. И. Солженицына. В рамках методического аспекта подобные слова с измененным правописанием или семантической природой расширяют кругозор студента-иностранца, повышая не только уровень его владения русском языком, но и культурный уровень в целом. Активизируются широкие возможности для общения со студенческой аудиторией и преподавателями, а также для наиболее полного понимания всех коннотативных признаков коммуникативной ситуации. Нами выявлено, что при создании индивидуально-авторских единиц прослеживается определенная поэтапность, которая может быть положена в основу разработки ряда приемов обучения, отражающих факт поэтапной концептуализации в сознании студентов-иностранцев значимых особенностей менталитета русскоговорящих людей - носителей языка. The article deals with the linguistic and methodological aspects related to teaching foreign students Russian as a foreign language at an advanced level by the example of working with the texts by A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Literary texts of the writer abound in individual author units created according to an unknown or familiar model. It is emphasized that the complexity of teaching Russian to foreign speakers based on the texts by A. I. Solzhenitsyn is caused by the need for the teacher to fully master the subtleties of the style of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. The linguistic aspect of this article allows us to get into the specifics of the structural composition of the individual author’s constructions of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Within the methodological aspect, such words with a changed spelling or a changed semantic nature expand the horizons of a foreign student, increasing not only the level of Russian language proficiency, but also the cultural level in general, giving a foreign student greater opportunities not only to communicate with the student audience and teachers, but also to better understand all the connotative signs of a communicative situation. We found that when creating individual author units, there is a certain step-by-step approach, which can be used as a basis for developing a number of teaching methods that reflect the fact of step-by-step conceptualization in the minds of foreign students of significant features of the mentality of Russian native speakers.

TROLLING IN UKRAINIAN-LANGUAGE MEDIA: LINGUISTIC ASPECT

Goal. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of a special type of speech behavior-trolling. The article characterizes the phenomenon of trolling as a kind of deviant communication. It is noted that trolling occurs as a reaction to changes in the functioning of media platforms. There are differences between trolling and flame, flood, spam, holivar, hating, cyberbullying. The linguistic means of trolling expression in the Ukrainian-language media space are analyzed.Methods. To determine and describe the lexical-semantic structure of the studied trolling comments, the structural-contextual method was used; interpretive analysis made it possible to explain the meaning of the selected messages; contextual analysis helped to identify associative semantic features of textual comments; with the help of introspection it was possible to trace individual thoughts that arise during one’s own activity and are realized in the analysis of trolling comments.Results. The result of the investigation was the definition of trolling as an integral part of virtual communication, which is identified by a combination of specific methods, tactics and strategies of the communicator’s behavior. It is established that the behavior of trolls can be manifested in two forms – “thick” (“malicious”) and “thin” trolling. Phenomena that are often identified with trolling are characterized, although they have significant differences: flame, flood, spam, holivar, hating, cyberbullying. Linguistic analysis of trolling in Ukrainian-language media through language means on phonetic, lexical-semantic, grammatical, syntactic levels is carried out.Conclusions. During the study, it was found that one of the methods of detecting trolls in the Ukrainian-language media space is to establish emotional markers that are polarly opposite to most verbal units. Means of expressing the strategy of trolls can be traced at all language levels: at the lexical level it is possible to use pejorative vocabulary, in particular swear words, individual word formation, zoometaphors used with negative meaning. Graphic means of expression of trolling language are realized by reduplication of letters and punctuation marks.Key words: Internet, Internet communication, deviant communication, trolling, Internet troll. Мета. Метою дослідження є аналіз особливого типу мовленнєвої поведінки – тролінгу – на різних мовних рівнях (лексико-семантичному, графічному, граматичному). У статті охарактеризовано явище тролінгу як різновид девіантної комунікації. Зазначено, що тролінг виникає як реакція на зміни функціонування медіаплатформ. Зауважено відмінності між тролінгом і флеймом, флудом, спамом, холіваром, хейтингом, кібербулінгом. Проаналізовано мовні засоби вираження тролінгу в україн-ськомовному медіапросторі.Методи. Під час реалізації мети дослідження ми звернулися до описового методу, який передбачає сукупність процедур інвентаризації, класифікації та інтерпретації досліджуваних мовних явищ у синхронії. Для визначення лексико-семантичної структури досліджуваних тролінг-коментарів використовувався структурно-контекстуальний метод; інтерпретаційний аналіз дав змогу розтлумачити сенс відібраних повідомлень; контекстуальний аналіз допоміг виділити асоціативно пов’язані смислові ознаки текстових коментарів; за допомогою інтроспекції можна було простежити окремі думки, що виникають під час власної активності та реалізуються в аналізові тролінг-коментарів.Результати. Результатом розвідки стало визначення тролінгу невід’ємною складовою частиною віртуальної комунікації, що ідентифікується поєднанням специфічних методів, тактик і стратегій поведінки комунікатора. Установлено, що поведінка тролів може виявлятися у двох формах – «товстому» («злісному») і «тонкому» тролінгу. Охарактеризовано явища, що часто ототожнюють із тролінгом, хоча вони мають суттєві відмінності: флейм, флуд, спам, холівар, хейтинг, кібербулінг. Проведено лінгвістичний аналіз тролінгу в українськомовних медіа через мовні засоби на фонетичному, лексико-семантичному, граматичному, синтаксичному рівнях. Висновки. Під час дослідження було встановлено, що одним із методів виявлення тролів в українськомовному медіапросторі є встановлення емотивних маркерів, що полярно протилежні щодо більшості вербальних одиниць. Засоби вираження стратегії тролів простежуються на всіх мовних рівнях: на лексичному рівні можливе застосування пейоративної лексики, зокрема лайки, індивідуальної словотворчості, зоометафор, ужитих із негативним значенням. Графічні засоби вираження тролінгової мови реалізуються редуплікацією літер і пунктуаційних знаків.Ключові слова: Інтернет, інтернет-комунікація, девіантна комунікація, тролінг, інтернет-троль.