Diseases of Calcium Metabolism and Metabolic Bone Disease

The precise regulation of body calcium stores and of the calcium concentration in both extracellular and intracellular compartments is critically important. Calcium is the chief mineral component of the skeleton; calcium serves major roles in neurologic transmission, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation; and calcium is a ubiquitous intracellular signal. This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 114 references. Key Words: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic

Diseases of Calcium Metabolism and Metabolic Bone Disease

The precise regulation of body calcium stores and of the calcium concentration in both extracellular and intracellular compartments is critically important. Calcium is the chief mineral component of the skeleton; calcium serves major roles in neurologic transmission, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation; and calcium is a ubiquitous intracellular signal. This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 114 references. Key Words: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

The long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include those attributable to hyperglycemia-mediated small vessel (microvascular)and neuropathic complications and syndromes resulting from multifactorial large vessel disease (macrovascular complications). Diabetic patients with evidence of chronic complications are best managed in consultation with appropriate specialists. The microvascular and neuropathic complications, which are specifically related to hyperglycemia, include retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. This review contains 8 figures, 9 tables, and 83 references. Key Words: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

The long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include those attributable to hyperglycemia-mediated small vessel (microvascular)and neuropathic complications and syndromes resulting from multifactorial large vessel disease (macrovascular complications). Diabetic patients with evidence of chronic complications are best managed in consultation with appropriate specialists. The microvascular and neuropathic complications, which are specifically related to hyperglycemia, include retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. This review contains 8 figures, 9 tables, and 83 references. Key Words: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, macrovascular, microvascular, neuropathic

Protective Effects of Moderate Exercise With Dietary Vitamin C and E on Blood Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Daily moderate exercise and supplementation of vitamins C and E (VCE) can be beneficial in diabetes by ameliorating the effects of free radical production. The present study sought to analyze the effect of moderate exercise accompanying VCE supplementation on lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidative systems in the blood of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty female Wistar rats were randomly divided 4 groups. The 1st and 2nd groups served as the control and diabetic groups, respectively. The 3rd group was the diabetic-exercise group. The 4th group, also diabetic-exercise rats, received VCE-supplemented feed. Animals in the exercised groups were moderately exercised on a treadmill 5 days a week for 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced on Day 0 of the exercise. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples were taken from all animals on Day 20. Glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels in plasma and RBCs, and vitamins A, E, and β-carotene in plasma were lower in diabetic rats than in control animals, whereas there was a significant increase in platelet counts in both plasma and RBC LP levels. The decreased antioxidant enzymes and vitamins, and the increased LP levels and WBC counts, did improve through exercise only, although their levels were mostly increased by exercise + VCE supplementation. There were no significant changes in the hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the 4 groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrate an increase in LP in the blood of diabetic animals whereas there was a decrease in the antioxidant vitamins and enzymes. However, dietary VCE with moderate exercise may strengthen the antioxidant defense system by decreasing reactive oxygen species. Key words: hyperglycemia, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress, hematological values