MACRO-AND MICROSCOPIC CHANGES KIDNEY DISEASE IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19

В настоящее время глубоко изучается морфо и патогенез - короновирусной инфекции, представители мировой медицины отмечают, что вирус SARS-Cov-2 очень быстро распространяется от человека к человеку. В связи с этим ВОЗ объявила вспышку COVID-19 пандемией. Некоторые ученые разработали концепцию, согласно которой изменение функциональной функции почек,изменение цвета мочи от нормального состояния, увеличение концентрации альбумина происходят от проникновения специфического SARS-CoV-2 в клетку через рецепторы АСЕ2.Доказано, что при цитологическом исследовании почек у человека в тяжелом состоянии COVID-19 происходит агрегация эритроцитов, разрушение эпителия и подоцитов. Лицам, страдающим хроническими заболеваниями почек, необходимо применять безопасные и действенные - методические подходы в профилактике короновирусной инфекции. At present, the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of coronavirus infections are being studied in-depth, and the SARS-Cov-2 virus is spreading rapidly from person to person, according to world medicine. In this regard, the WHO declared the COVID-19 epidemic a pandemic. Some scientists have suggested that changes in renal function, abnormal urine colour, and increased albumin concentrations are caused by the entry of specific SARS-CoV-2 into the cell through ACE2 receptors. Cytological examination of the kidneys has shown that a person with severe COVID-19 has aggregation of erythrocytes, destruction of epithelium and podocytes. People with chronic kidney disease should use safe and effective innovative methods in the prevention of coronavirus infection.

The psychophysiological effects of a three day dry fast: A self-experimentation case study

Background: A commonly held belief is that humans cannot survive more than a few days without fluid intake. The source of this is unclear, but does not accord with the few controlled studies that have been conducted to investigate the effects of fluid abstention, nor the few extreme cases of fluid restriction. Methods: This was a self-experimentation, with one day pre-load of fluid and salt (DAY 0), three days complete fluid abstention (< 45 g/d water from food only) (DAYS 1-3), and 24 h rehydration (DAY 4). Days ran from 1500 h to 1500 h. The following measures were taken across various time points across each day: body mass; urine volume; urine colour; urine specific gravity; finger-prick blood glucose concentration; blood pressure; pulse; body temperature; dietary intake; and visual analogue scales (VAS) of food-appetites (satiety and desires), thirst-appetites, mood, wakefulness, and sleep quality. Results: By the end of DAY 3, body water (excluding estimated lean/adipose loss from negative energy balance) decreased by ~1.8 % from 1500 h on DAY 0, or ~4.0 % from 1500 h on DAY 1 (after a fluid preload). With this reduction in body mass came expected reductions in urine volume and increased in urine colour, though trends in urine specific gravity were less pronounced. Blood pressure trended towards being lower during DAYS 1-3 and increased during DAY 4. Whole blood glucose concentrations also tended towards being lower during DAYS 1-3 compared to DAY 4, particularly postprandially. Hunger tended to be reduced during DAYS 1-3, but increased again during DAY 4. Wanting to eat appeared to be a separate construct to hunger/fullness. True-thirst was higher during DAYS 1-3 relative to DAY 4, and this synchronised well with true-xerostomia and ratings of dryness of lips. However, sensational-xerostomia was the dominant thirst experienced during DAY 1-3. Sadness was moderately inversely correlated with body mass loss (r = 0.57) and tiredness was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.94). Sleep quality was unrelated to hydration status. Conclusion: Overall, the expected changes occurred in terms of hydration physiology, but with some unexpected findings in terms of gluco-regulation, blood pressure, and thirst appetites.

Macroscopy and Microscopy Urinalysis: A Vital Screening Procedure for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in a Hospital in Awka, Nigeria

Urine examination has been employed in clinical practice as the most common screening laboratory method for early detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs) or renal disorder. This study was undertaken to ascertain the usefulness of urine macroscopy and microscopy as vital screening procedure for diagnosing UTI among antenatal patients in a teaching hospital in Awka, Nigeria. Freshly voided midstream urine specimens of 269 pregnant women were collected and examined using macroscopic, microscopic and culture methods. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of urine colour, and microscopic features were compared with urine culture in diagnosis of UTI. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS and Epi info® and P-value was set at <0.05 significant level. One hundred and seven specimens showed positive urine cultures. Out of these 107 specimens, 60 (56.1%) also had deviation from normal urine colour and 77(72%) were positive on urine microscopy. Macroscopic examination showed that a significant relationship exists between urine colour and positive urine culture (p=0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of urine colour with respect to UTI were 56.7% and 67.9% respectively. Urine microscopy revealed that the positive features had a significant relationship with positive urine culture (p= 0.000). Pyuria alone showed the specificity and positive predictive value of 100% each. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of combination of positive microscopic features were 72%, 64.8%, 57.5% and 77.8% respectively. Examination of colours and microscopic features of urine are therefore vital in predicting urinary tract infection.

Association between hydration status, hydration knowledge and fluid consumption during training among soccer players

Study Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between hydration status, knowledge of hydration and the amount of fluid intake consumption during training among the soccer players. Material and Methods: Pre-training hydration status was measured by urine colour chart and Urine Specific Gravity (USG). A questionnaire on hydration knowledge was answered by the participants on the last day of training session. Pearson Correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between hydration status, knowledge of hydration and total amount of fluid intake among the participants. Results: The results showed that the participants were dehydrated during the three days of training. Sixty four percent of the participants had a satisfactory knowledge of hydration. However, the results indicated that the sweat loss was higher than fluid intake during the training. Pearson test revealed there were positive correlation between USG and urine colour (r=0.809, p<0.001) as well as urine colour and fluid intake (r = .424, p<0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings indicate the needs to increase awareness of pre training hydration status among the participants.

Gambaran pemeriksaan makroskopis urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Anti-tuberculosis drugs have nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic side effect. Renal and liver damage caused by the side effect of anti-tuberculosis drugs will make some changes in macroscopic urinalysis. Research Objective: To understand the description of macroscopic urinalysis on pulmonary tuberculosis patients in RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Research Method: Observational descriptive, to obtain the data of macroscopic urinalysis on pulmonary tuberculosis patients conducted in October - November 2016 at RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado.The research samples were random urine specimen and 24-hour urine specimen that meet with the predefined criteria. Result: Based on macroscopic urinalysis results on 30 patients, almost all of the colour, odour, clarity and volume examination results were normal. Only a couple of patients have macroscopic changes. Although in colour examination, rifampicin changes urine colour to orange. Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that macroscopic urinalysis on pulmonary tuberculosis patients either in-patient or out patient showed that there are no abnormalities in almost all of them.Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, urinalysis, macroscopic examination Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Obat yang diberikan pada pasien TB bersifat nefrotoksik dan hepatotoksik. Kerusakan ginjal dan hati yang disebabkan oleh efek samping obat tersebut akan menunjukkan perubahan pada pemeriksaan makroskopis urin. Tujuan Penelitian: untuk mengetahui gambaran pemeriksaan makroskopis urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Metode Penelitian: deskriptif observasional, untuk mendapatkan data tentang pemeriksaan makroskopis urin pada pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa yang dilakukan sejak oktober-november 2016 di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Sampel penelitian adalah sampel urin sewaktu dan 24 jamdari semua pasien tuberkulosis paru yang memenuhi kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Hasil: Berdasarkan urinalisis pemeriksaan makroskopis pada 30 pasien, pemeriksaan warna, bau, kejernihan, dan volume sebagian besar normal. Hanya beberapa pasien yang mengalami perubahan makroskopis.Pada pemeriksaan warna, pemakaian rifampisin menyebabkan urin berwarna jingga. Simpulan: dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa antara pemeriksaan makroskopis urin dengan pasien tuberkulosis paru dewasa baik yang dirawat inap maupun rawat jalan menunjukan hampir semua tidak ada kelainan. Kata kunci: tuberkulosis paru, urinalisis, pemeriksaan makroskopis