Climate Change and Water Exploitation as Co-Impact Sources on River Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Climate change can affect freshwater communities superimposing on other major stressors, such as water exploitation, with effects still poorly understood. The exacerbation of naturally-occurring periods of low flows has been reported as a major hydrological effect of water diversions, with severe impacts on river benthic macroinvertebrate communities. This study aimed at assessing long-term modifications of low-flow events in a large lowland Italian river possibly associated to climate change and the effects of these events, intensified by water withdrawals, on benthic macroinvertebrates. A 77-year dataset on daily discharge was thus analyzed through Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s method to investigate modifications of the main hydrological parameters. Moreover, macroinvertebrates were collected during the low-flow periods that occurred from 2010 to 2015 at three sites downstream of water withdrawals, representing three different conditions of hydrological impairment. After assessing possible differences in taxonomical and functional composition between sites and impairment conditions, redundancy analysis and ordinary least squares regression were performed to link benthos metrics to environmental (hydrological and physico-chemical) characteristics. An increase in the duration of the low-flow periods and reduced summer flows were detected on the long term, and the magnitude of low flows was significantly altered by water withdrawals. These hydrological features shaped both structural and functional characteristics of benthic assemblages, highlighting the need for a more environmentally-sustainable water resource management in the current context of climate change.

Research on heat transfer characteristics and typical parameters sensitivity analysis of the deep borehole heat exchanger combined with the geothermal wells

Based on abundant hydrothermal geothermal resources at the depth of 1000-2000m formation in the basin of the BoHai Bay, the deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) combined with the geothermal wells is proposed. According to the modified thermal resistance and capacity model (MTRCM), the heat transfer models inside and outside borehole are established. The transient analytical solutions are obtained by applying Laplace transform method to calculate the vertical temperature profiles in the inlet (outlet) pipe and the grout of the DBHE. The mathematical model and the analytical solutions are validated by the experimental data and existing studied data. This paper utilizes respectively the Matlab2012 and the Feflow7.1 to solve the heat transfer models inside and outside the DBHE. The sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of typical parameters on the DBHE heat transfer characteristics. Under the well distance of 50m, the DBHE heat transfer capacity increases by 29.5% and 42.5% when the quantity of geothermal water exploitation increases from 0m3/h to 75m3/h and 150m3/h respectively. The results show that the heat transfer mechanism is changed in the thermal reservoir, and the heat transfer progress of the DBHE is intensified through orderly regulating the quantity of geothermal water exploitation and the well distance. However, with the change of the quantity of geothermal water exploitation, the growth rate of the DBHE heat transfer capacity reduces and the sensitivity of the change of the typical parameters on the DBHE heat transfer performance reduces.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIRST FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS

The paper focuses on the hydroelectric plants in Friuli Venezia Giulia, especially those along the Cellina and Meduna rivers. The technological revolution of water exploitation to produce electricity led to the construction of these buildings between the 19th and 20th centuries; their different structural, technical, architectural, and engineering features became interesting case studies for such industrial heritage. The research analyzed the main features of the power plants built along the Cellina (Malnisio, Giais, Partidor, and San Foca) and Meduna (Meduno, Colle, Istrago, Chievolis, and Valina) rivers, from an architectural, formal, functional, and constructive point of view. The study of these iconic buildings, one infrastructure system related to the “waterways”, allows them to be placed within the logic of settlement and production phenomena, and by reinterpreting them in a modern key makes possible refurbishment strategies with actualized needs and functions.

Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries

Water-driven music technology has been one of the primary sources of human leisure from prehistoric times up until the present. Water powered, along with air pressure organs, have been used throughout history. One of them was an organ of fountains located inside a formal garden. Throughout ancient mythology, several different gods have been linked to music in many civilizations, in particular, Minoa, Mehrgarh, and Gandhara. Water deities were usually significant amid civilizations located next to a sea or an ocean, or even a great river like the Indus River in Pakistan, the Nile River in the Middle East or the Ganga River in India. These fountains performed a wide range of songs from Classical to contemporary Arabic, and even included other worldly music. The study of water-driven music technology demonstrates the diachronic evolution and the revelation that ancient people had impressive knowledge of the engineering needed for water exploitation and manipulation. This revelation is still both fascinating and intriguing for today’s water engineers. This paper also shows the relationship between water in nature and music, and furthermore, how nature has inspired composers throughout history. This research shows the sustainability of different kinds of water-driven musical instruments, not only through their use in past centuries, but their relevance in music therapy and other purposes of today. This study is useful for researchers in the fields of history, music, engineering and sustainable development.

A New Approach to Calculate the Water Exploitation Index (WEI+)

The Water Exploitation Index (WEI), or withdrawal ratio, is an indicator of water scarcity, which has been updated into its WEI+ form by the Committee of Experts of the European Commission. In calculating the total abstraction of fresh water, this indicator also includes the possible return flow and management rules. The demand for freshwater and long-term freshwater resources are both necessary to calculate the WEI+. These values are not easy to assess at basin or sub-basin level and, for this reason, WEI values are generally calculated at the country level. This paper introduces a new approach to calculate the WEI+, with the purpose of extending its use to basin and sub-basin levels. The methodology is based on flow duration curve estimation, which evaluates freshwater resources, and a Web-GIS system that evaluates water abstractions distribution. This approach allows for the assessment of locally stressed areas in the hydrographic network and could provide a fundamental step toward more comprehensive regional water resources management plans. The new methodology is tested in some sub-basins of the Upper Tiber River Basin (Italy). These results contribute to the analysis of water withdrawals sustainability, based on the policy of the European Environment Agency, which is aimed toward the development of a proactive approach for reducing water stress.

Pengaturan terhadap Pengusahaan Air Bawah Tanah yang Dilakukan oleh Masyarakat

The water has an important role in survival of all living things on this earth. Water in underground is a natural resources and the damage that occurs can cause widespread impact and repair is quite difficult. In order to guarantee the fair used and exploitation of groundwater, a permit is required. However, in the use and exploitation of groundwater, there are people and industrial parties who did not have a permit from the government related to the prevailing laws and regulations. The purpose of this research is to find out how the regulation of underground water exploitation is carried out by the community and what are the legal consequences of unlicensed underground water exploitation. The method used in this research is normative method and analysis of legal interpretation and descriptive analysis. Data sources are primary and secondary data. The research approach used in this research is an invitation-only approach and a legal concept analysis approach. The technique of conducting legal materials is carried out by means of literature study which is legal materials are collected then processed using systematic interpretation analysis. The results of this research are first, in regulating the exploitation of groundwater, the authority and legal basis used by the government as a reference in granting permits. Second, the result of not having a permit to use ground water is the sealing of the location or place and the imposition of imprisonment in accordance with the applicable laws, namely Law Number 11 of 1974 concerning Irrigation and other regulations in accordance with the respective Regional Regulations.

LANDASAN HUKUM PEMBERIAN HAK WILAYAH PESISIR DAN PULAU TERHADAP MASYARAKAT ADAT DI PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU

The aim of this article is to anlyze the legal basis of granting coastal and island territory to indigenous people in the Province of Riau to connected with the issuance of legislation on the management of coastal areas and small islands in the provisions of regulation Number. 27/2007 and the rights of local coastal waters and small islands according to goverment regulation Number 40/1996, especially in clause of 60 starting for granting of business rights, building rights and land rights that are entirely island or bordered by the beach are governed by the goverment regulation and it’s regulation. In this article used the normative juridical methodology, the author used in this article study of references that conducted used secondary data, namely collecting data from various literature from the law, books, documents and archieves related to this issue. Thus, the analysis used by collecting data to be processed and analyzed according to the nature of the collected data, for futher presented by the analyst evaluative. This scientific writing shows that the rights of the coastal water exploitation contained in regulation Number 27/2007 abaout PWP3K is one of legal norms governing coastal, but it turns out to cause pros and cons.