Biodegradable plastic modification from durian seed starch and shrimp chitosan with the addition of plasticiziers glycerol and polyglycerol using microwaves

Plastic waste takes up to 450 years to decompose. These problems can be overcome by creating other alternatives, one of which is by using biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastics are plastics made from natural polymers that are easily degraded by microorganisms. This study aims to examine the effect of the amount of plasticizer on the length of the degradation process and the effect of using microwaves on the length of time for molding biodegradable plastic. This biodegradable plastic is made by combining durian seed starch, shrimp chitosan and plasticizers in the form of glycerol and polyglycerol with volume variations of 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL, and 5 mL. This polymerization was carried out using a microwave with a power of 100 watts for 60 minutes. The resulting biodegradable plastics were characterized using the FTIR test, the Mechanical Properties test, the Absorbency test, and the Biodegradation test to determine the quality of the biodegradable plastic. The results of this study indicate the greatest tensile strength value is 1.9768 MPa, the largest elongation value is 21.2772%, the smallest water absorption is 45.40% for 5 minutes, and the largest degraded mass is 0.908 grams for 7 days. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the use of polyglycerol can accelerate the plastic degradation process. In addition, the use of microwaves can speed up the molding time of biodegradable plastics.

Tubular chitosan device for use as prosthesis coating in vascular surgery

Chitosan is a natural, biodegradable, non-toxic and biocompatible polymer, with characteristics such as a healing, hemostatic, antimicrobial agent, among others. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a tubular chitosan device for use as a prosthetic coating application in vascular surgery. The chitosan wires were obtained by the spinning method in a 2M sodium hydroxide coagulant solution (NaOH) and used in the form of wires and screens as a reinforcement structure to obtain the tubes. In order to characterize the tubes, optical microscopy, contact angle, degree of swelling, in vitro biodegradation, cytotoxicity and tensile strength were used. The results indicated that the tubes have uniformity over the entire length and as for the resistance to the trace, the tube reinforced with mesh presented greater deformation, while the tube reinforced with wire presented a higher value of rupture stress. The degree of swelling was higher in chitosan tubes with mesh. As for the biodegradation test, it was observed that the lysozyme samples showed greater loss of mass and the cytotoxicity test confirmed the cell viability of the material, concluding that the tubes reinforced with chitosan wires are promising for use in vascular surgeries.

Karakteristik Bioplastik Kitosan-Onggok Aren (Arenga pinnata) dengan Penambahan Serbuk Kunyit

<p>Bioplastics are organic plastics which one of their functions can be used as food packaging. Bioplastics are known to be environmentally friendly because they are easily degraded by nature. Chitosan can be modified with onggok palm starch in making bioplastics to increase the strength of the bioplastics. The addition of turmeric to the chitosan-onggok bioplastic is expected to increase resistance to microbes so that the bioplastic can be used as a food packaging material. This study aims to determine the bioplastic characteristics of chitosan-onggok palm sugar added with turmeric with a variation of 0.3-1.2%. Physical tests carried out include water absorption test, tensile strength test, elongicity test and biodegradation test. The increase in the amount of turmeric in water increases its water absorption, tensile strength and biodegradation properties, while the decrease in plastic elongation decreases with the increase in the amount of turmeric in the plastic.</p>

The Effect of Cassava Peel Starch Addition to Bioplastic Biodegradation Based On Chitosan On Soil and River Water Media

The study of the relationship between starch addition to biodegradation of bioplastics has been carried out. This study aims to understand the biodegradability of chitosan-based bioplastics with additional cassava peel starch on soil and river water media. This research was conducted through four stages, namely making starch from cassava peel waste, making bioplastics using the blending and castingwet processes method with variations of starch 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml. Testing physical mechanical properties including water resistance, thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and modulus young. Testing the characteristics of bioplastics functional groups was carried out using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and biodegradation testing of bioplastics carried out on soil and river water media. The results of bioplastics research with variation 5 ml produce good mechanical physical properties. Bioplastics produced water resistance value of 45.03%, thickness of 0.0190 mm, tensile strength of 49.93 MPa, elongation of 3.068% and Young modulus of 1627.63 MPa. Bioplastics biodegradation test was observed by measuring the decrease in sample mass. The biodegradation test results in soil and river water media respectively showed a decrease in bioplastic mass up to 63% and 54%. The biodegradation rate of the calculation results on soil media is −0,1502 and in river water media is −0,0948.

A simple field-based biodegradation test shows pH to be an inadequately controlled parameter in laboratory biodegradation testing

We developed a field-based biodegradation test based on OECD 309 which minimizes the need for laboratory resources. Significant differences in biodegradation rates were observed between parallel lab and field tests likely due to pH disparities.

Biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Al-Daura Refinery Wastewater by Rhizobacteria

Due to the deliberate disposal of industrial waste, a great amount of petroleum hydrocarbons pollute the soil and aquatic environments. Bioremediation that depends on the microorganisms in the removal of pollutants is more efficient and cost-effective technology. In this study, five rhizobacteria were isolated from Phragmites australis roots and exposed to real wastewater from Al-Daura refinery with 70 mg/L total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration. The five selected rhizobacteria were examined in a biodegradation test for seven days to remove TPH. The results showed that 80% TPH degradation as the maximum value by Sphingomonas Paucimobilis as identified with Vitek® 2 Compact (France).

KARAKTERISTIK KOMPOSIT BIOPLASTIK DALAM VARIASI RASIO MAIZENA-GLUKOMANAN DAN VARIASI pH PELARUT

The purpose of this research is 1) to know the influence of the variation ratio of cornstarch-glucomannan and variation in solvent conditions to the characteristics of bioplastics, 2) to find out how the variation ratio of cornstarch-glucomannan and variation in pH of solvent that produce bioplastic composites with the best characteristics. This research uses factorial random block designs with 2 factors. Factor I is a variation ratio of cornstarch-glucomannan consisting 5:1, 4.5:1.5, 4:2. Factor II is a variation in pH of solvent consisting of 3 levels of pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9. Each treatment combination is grouped into 2 based on time of the bioplastic composites making process, so that are 18 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed of variant and continued with the BNJ (Beda Nyata Jujur) test. The observed variables include mechanical test consisting of tensile strength, elongation of break and modulus young test, biodegradation test, swelling and FTIR. The results showed that the interaction of ratio cornstarch-glucomannan and pH of solvent had a very significant effect on tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus young. In the biodegradation test, pH of solvent had very significant effect on the duration of degradation. While, ini the swelling test, ratio cornstarch-glucomannan had a significant effect on power swelling. Ratio cornstarch-glucomannan (4.5:1.5) at pH 5 in solvents produces the best characteristics of bioplastic composites. Tensile strength 3.04 MPa, elongation at break 18%, modulus Young 16.89 MPa, duration of degradation 5 days and percent of volumen swelling 64.08%. Bioplastic composites contain hiroxyl (O-H), Amines (N-H), Alkynes (C? C), Gugus carboxyl (-COOH), Alkanes (C-H), Amines (C-N), Alcohol (C-O) dan Alkene (C=C). Keywords: Bioplastic Composites, Ratio of Cornstarch-Glucomannan, pH of Solvent

BIODEGRADABILITY OF BIOPLASTIC IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Biodegradation of the bioplastic composite based on cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches was investigated in this study. Microbes consortium from landfill soil collected from top soil were used as the inoculums for the biodegradation process. Biodegradation test of the bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch samples compared with oxodegradation and conventional plastic samples were conducted in the glass jar. The biodegradation rate was evaluated from CO2 generated from the biodegradation process and absorbed by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solutions. The generated CO2 was titrated with 0.1 N HCl and using phenolphthalein (PP) followed by methyl oranges indicator. The results showed that the highest CO2 production on landfill soil indicating the highest rate of biodegradation was found on bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch followed by oxodegradable plastic and conventional plastic. The rate of biodegradation for bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch, oxodegradable plastic and conventional plastic were 0.067mg CO2/day, 0.052 mg CO2/day and 0 mg CO2/day, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic with Basic Materials of “Singkong Onggok” - Pectin Peel of “Jeruk Bali” (Citrus Maxima) – Plasticizer

Biodegradable plastic made from pectin pell of “jeruk bali” has been carried out. Pectin is obtained by extraction methods and for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics with hot-blending methods. The characteristics of the mechanical biodegradable plastics are determined by tensile strength and elongation, and biodegradation test of biodegradable plastics. The results of manufacture biodegradable plastic with the addition of pectin 5g was the best result with a tensile strength value of 195.35 MPa, and an elongation value of around 15.73 - 33.40%. Plastics with the variation of sorbitol starch composition as much as 1.5 g with 1 ml sorbitol each having a tensile strength of 61.29 MPa and elongation value of 14.30%. Plastic with a variation of 1.5 ml sorb itol has a tensile strength value of 118.93 MPa and an elongation value of 16.73%. Plastic with a variation of 2 ml sorbitol has a tensile strength value of 79.67 MPa and an elongation value of 17.63%.

Effect of Tithonia diversifolia extract on the biodegradability of the bioplastics in plantation soil (Pengaruh ekstrak Tithonia diversifolia terhadap biodegradabilitas bioplastik di tanah perkebunan)

Effect of Tithonia diversifoliaextract on biodegradability of the bioplastic was evaluated using plantation soil as natural inoculum. The bioplastic was a composite of cellulose from cacao pod husk, starch and enriched by tithoniaextract. Biodegradation test wasereconducted in the glass jar for 60 days. The carbon dioxide generated from the biodegradation test titrated by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solutions. The carbon dioxide was measured with 0.1 N HCl and using phenolphthalein followed by methyl orange as indicator. Carbon dioxide was detected in the bioplastic samples but not detected in the conventional plastic sample during the test. Biodegradation of the bioplastic enriched by tithoniaextract was higher than that of the bioplastic without tithoniaextract. Biodegra-dation rate of the bioplastic samples in plantation soil were 0.068 mg CO2/day and 0.178 mg CO2/day for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively. Biodegradation of the bioplastic samples for 45 days were 12.44% and 28.07% for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively. Complete biodegradation of the bioplastic predicted in 244 days and 200 days for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively. [Kata kunci :Tithonia diversifolia, biodegrada-bility, bioplastic, plantation soil]. AbstrakPengaruh ekstrak Tithonia diversifoliaterhadap biodegradabilitas bioplastik dievaluasi dengan menggunakan tanah perkebunan sebagai inokulum alami. Bioplastik yang digunakan adalah komposit selulosa dari kulit buah kakao, pati dan diperkaya dengan ekstrak tithonia. Uji biodegra-dasi dilakukan di dalam botol selama 60 hari. Karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan dari uji biodegradasi diserap oleh larutan natrium hidroksida 0,1 N. Karbon dioksida dititrasi dengan HCl 0,1 N dan menggunakan fenolftalein diikuti dengan metil jingga sebagai indikator. Karbon dioksida terdeteksi pada sampel bioplastik namun tidak terdeteksi pada sampel plastik konvensional.Bioplastik yang diperkaya dengan ekstrak tithonia menghasilkan tingkat biodegradasi yang lebih tinggi dari pada bioplastik tanpa ekstrak tithonia. Tingkat biodegradasi sampel bioplastik di tanah perkebunan adalah 0,068 mg CO2/hari dan0,188 mg CO2/hari masing-masing untuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak tithonia. Biodegradasi sampel bioplastik selama 45 hari adalah 12,44% dan 28,07%berturut-turutuntuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak tithonia. Biodegradasi keseluruhan bioplastik diperkirakan membutuh-kan waktu 244 hari dan 200 harimasing-masinguntuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak tithonia.[Keywords:Tithonia diversifolia, biodegradaibi-litas, bioplastik, tanah perkebunan].