MULHERES NA ASSEMBLEIA LEGISLATIVA DA BAHIA NO PÓS-1988

RESUMOO presente trabalho se propõe a analisar, sob a perspectiva da garantia constitucional da igualdade de gênero, a participação das mulheres na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia - ALBA. Através de uma abordagem empírica fundada no levantamento quantitativo dos mandatos parlamentares exercidos por mulheres em cada legislatura da ALBA após 1988, pretende-se demonstrar como a participação feminina naquela instituição representativa ainda é incipiente e enfrenta uma série de obstáculos. Tal constatação confirma algumas das hipóteses da literatura feminista sobre gênero e política e também da teoria democrática contemporânea sobre a baixa representatividade feminina nos órgãos legislativos. Ao final, apresentam-se indicativos a serem avaliados como alternativas inclusivas enquanto as estruturas partidárias não conseguem promover maior equilíbrio de gênero na representação política. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Igualdade de gênero; Democracia; Representatividade Política Feminina. ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the female political representation in the Legislative Assembly in the State of Bahia - ALBA, under a perspective of the constitutional guarantee of gender equality. Through an empirical approach stablished in a quantitative research on parliamentary mandates from women in each legislature since 1988 it is intended to show how female participation in that institution is still incipient and faces several obstacles. The evidence confirms some of the hypotheses of feminist literature on gender and politics and also from contemporary democratic theory on low female representation in legislative bodies. In the end, there are suggestions to be evaluated as inclusive alternatives as long as party structures cannot promote greater gender balance in political representation. KEY WORDS: Gender equality; Democracy; Female Political Representation.

THE POSİTION OF WOMEN IN THE WORLD

It is no secret today that gender development and the empowerment of women are important aspects for women in decision-making, as well as for their presence in leadership positions. Unfortunately, no country in the world has yet managed to achieve full equality between the sexes. Iceland came closest to this, closing 88% of the gender gap. At the present stage a woman's task is to achieve success in work, career growth, material independence, and only then the status of a wife and mother. Thus, there is a so-called reassessment of values, which in turn leads to a rethinking of the meaning of the family and marital relations in the life of the weaker sex. Women around the world are more at risk of poverty than men and, on average, are less protected and also receive lower wages. The study of this topic is important in the world. Key words: gender, woman, man, stereotypes, world, Islamic, Christian, Jewish, emancipation

Out with old, in with the new: Negotiating identity in re-naming a Xhosa umtshakazi

Umtshakazi (singular) is a bride and abatshakazi (plural) are brides in isiXhosa language. The word is derived from the word ‘tsha’ which means new in isiXhosa. The word is popularly known as Makoti in other African languages, such as isiZulu. In short, a bride is a woman about to be married or newly married and thus a “new member” of the husband’s family. In a South African context, naming is not reserved for new-born children as there are circumstances whereby older people get new names. In Xhosa re-naming of abatshakazi, is a religious practice where name-givers bestow a name on a newlywed and then expect brides to live up to their newly acquired names. Like most things cultural, the brides have no choice but to accept the new name, embrace what the name entails and live up to the family’s expectations. Through the re-naming process the bride assumes a new identity which means taking the responsibility that comes with it. This article examines how such a process gives brides new roles to play; how brides make a conscious effort to live up to the name and how this changes their identity. This article is going to take a phenomenology stance. The phenomenology theory is a theoretical proposition which focuses on people’s perceptions of the world in which they live and what it means to them. It focuses on people’s lived experiences. This theory is essential in this article as the article focuses on the individual experiences of Xhosa abatshakazi in the naming process. Key Words: gender, culture, names, identity, marriage

ІНВЕРСІЇ ТІЛЕСНОСТІ У КОНТЕКСТІ ГЕНДЕРНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ СУЧАСНИХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ХУДОЖНІХ ПРАКТИК)

Розглядаються репрезентації інверсій тілесності та гендеру у сучасній українській культурі на матеріалі художніх практик та соціальних фотопроектів. Зазначені інверсії досліджуються в аспекті соціокультурних, зокрема гендерних, трансформацій. Простежено превалюючі у зображальній практиці типи репрезентацій, які маркують нові гендерні моделі, що формуються у сучасній культурі. Осмислення тілесної та гендерної інверсивності в актуальному мистецтві співвіднесено із артикуляцією цієї проблематики у певних соціокультурних практиках. Виявлено, що гендерні трансформації охоплюють різні сфери сучасної культури та мають характер загальнокультурної тенденції. Ключові слова: гендер, тілесність, гендерні інверсії, ідентичність, сучасні художні практики. The article analyzes the representation of the inversions of corporality and gender in today’s Ukrainian culture on the basis of artistic practices and social photo projects. These inversions are considered in terms of socio-cultural, in particular gender, transformations. The types of representations prevailing in pictorial practice that mark new gender models emerging in today’s culture have been traced. Comprehension of corporal and gender inversiveness in actual art is correlated with articulation of this issue in certain socio-cultural practices. It is revealed that gender transformations cover different levels of contemporary culture and have the character of a general cultural tendency. Key words: gender, corporality, gender inversions, identity, actual art practices.

ÂNGELA DAVIS: DOR E OPRESSÃO DA MULHER EM SUAS RESISTÊNCIAS E LUTAS HISTÓRICAS

RESUMO Este ensaio apresenta aspectos relevantes apontados por Ângela Davis, em sua obra: Mulher, Raça e Classe, e sua importância para a desmistificação da escravidão como processo encerrado nos EUA em 1863. Destaca a contribuição teórico-analítica da autora em questão que evidencia a combinação das opressões de raça, gênero e classe em seus diferentes desdobramentos antes e após a abolição. Tomando a obra como referência, discute, ainda, temas como racismo, gênero, sexismo e feminismo negro. Busca relacionar as questões apresentadas com o movimento feminista no Brasil em seu viés étnico-racial. Angela Davis: Pain and Oppression of the Woman in Her Resistance and Historical Struggles ABSTRACT This article presents relevant aspects indicated by Angela Davis in her work: Woman, Race and Class, and its importance for the demystification of slavery as a process ended in the USA in 1863. It emphasizes the theoretical-analytical contribution of the author in question, showing the combination of the oppressions of race, gender, and class in their different developments before and after abolition. Taking the work as a reference, the essay also discusses themes such as racism, gender, sexism and black feminism. It seeks to relate the issues presented to the feminist movement in Brazil in its ethno-racial bias. Key words: Gender. Racism. Class. Black Feminism.

Gender Representation in English Textbook Used in Grade x of Senior High School

This study aims at finding how English textbook published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia for Grade X of senior high school represents gender. It is a descriptive work using content analysis as its design in looking at how gender is represented in the book both quantitatively and qualitatively.The findings showed that the text book is generally gender friendly in which it represents women and men in mostly equal manner. However, it is still not free from stereotyping attached to its female and male characters. Furthermore, the differences in verbosity, the use of question form and intensifiers by female and male characters are identified. Key words: gender representation, English textbook, Grade X

Diferencia de género en la profesión de contador público en Panamá: Un problema ético

El objetivo general de esta investigación fue determinar si el hombre y la mujer se pueden desempeñar en igualdad de condiciones en la profesión de contador público en Panamá, en el año 2015. Los objetivos específicos tienen que ver con las variables: preparados, reciben, familia, crediticias, discriminación, prejuicio, estrictos, experiencia y ético. Se aplicó, a los datos recibidos de 240 encuestados, los análisis Alfa de Cronbach, Pearson y Espearman, tabulación simple y resultó que la condición de la mujer no es igual que la del hombre, que ambos están preparados para ejercer la profesión de contador público, la mujer no recibe el mismo salario, ni facilidades crediticias, ni condición de familia, que son más estrictas que el hombre, que es importante la experiencia y que sí es un problema ético. Palabras clave: economía de género, discriminación laboral ABSTRACT The general objective of this research was to: Determine if men and women can play under equal conditions in the profession of public accountant in Panama, in 2015. The specific objectives have to do with the variables: prepared, receive, family, credit, discrimination, prejudice, strict, experience and ethical. It applied, to the data received from 240 respondents, the Alpha analyzes of Cronbach, Pearson and Espearman, Simple Tabulation and it turned out that the condition of the woman is not the same as that of the man, that both are prepared to practice the profession of public accountant , women do not receive the same salary, credit facilities, or family status, which are stricter than men, which is important experience and which is an ethical problem. Key words: gender economics, employment discrimination

Instruments for Carrying out Manipulations around the Content and Directions of the National Gender Policy

Gender policy, i.e. the policy for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men, is recognized as one of the priorities of the Ukrainian Government activity, which is confirmed by practical steps taken by the Ukrainian state. At the same time, in Ukraine, the manipulations around gender policy, gender terminology, legislative initiatives on protecting women’s rights and counter violence, are becoming more active and spreading. They deform the content and directions of the state activities, as well as the perception of the importance of gender transformations by society, which threatens the country's movement towards European integration. The article analyzes the logical tools that are used by adherents of anti-gender movements using the examples of theses voiced by the participants of the round table «Scientific and medical approaches to the problem of gender equality» held on November 9, 2018 by the Committee on Health Protection of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The article shows the fallacy of their conclusions and recommendations, by analysing the main inferences that can be used in activities to expose the manipulations of public consciousness and disseminate fake information as a type of organizational weapon of the hybrid war against Ukraine. Key words: gender policy, gender equality, anti-generational movements, logical mistakes, manipulation around gender policy, tools for hybrid warfare.

Social and Legal Guarantees for the Security and Defense Sector Personnel in the Context of Gender Equality

In the article the nature and content of gender, gender equality are defined on the basis of scientific literature and the acting legal standards analysis, the possibility to implement legal standards of foreign states into the legislation of Uk-raine, the improvement of mechanism as for application of gender equality in Ukraine are studied. Special attention is brought to the creation of effective legal provision and the mechanism of its application in the subdivisions of security and defense sectors of Ukraine. Attention to the disputable problems as for gender equality application in the security and defense sector, in particular as for bringing up to strength special law-enforcement bodies units, airmobile forces, carrying tour of duty etc. is emphasized. Key words: gender, gender equality, legal status, servicewoman, gender policy, active duty, security and defense sector.

Gender Legal Relations in the Security Sector of Ukraine (Information Aspect)

The article deals with the issue of gender equality assurance in the security sector of Ukraine, in particular, in the Security Service of Ukraine. The tendency to increasing the number of women on active duty as well as gender disbalance in military service have been described. Key words: gender, gender legal relations, security sector, law, military servants, gender disbalances, military service, the Security Service of Ukraine, principle of gender equality, service activity, reforming the security sector, service women, gender stereotypes.