Our Future is Still the Future of 1973: Shell's Foresight and the Petrocultural Penumbra

This article argues that the economic abstraction of fossil fuels into the medium of the market after 1973 makes its force and function in the global economy difficult to see, in the way that the source of a penumbra is obscured by the distribution of its effects over the visual field, but that Shell's invention of a unique (and now widely adopted) technique for scenarios thinking on the cusp of the 1970s oil crises helps us see the emergence of that recursive futurity in media res. Hence, while the eventual dominance of energy futures trading would, by the end of the 1980s, come to hold the present and future of the global economy to the concrete and abstract materialism of fossil fuels, the focus in this essay is on a novel form of writing that same future strategically and analytically moments before the energy market is restructured. The genealogy offered is of the so-called 'decision scenario' invented by Shell and it is interesting today for its redefinition of oil from commodity to medium of the market as such, narrating an emergent concept of oil that would eventually get actualised and operationalised in the financial sector over a decade later – even as it would recede from view in discussions of neoliberalism, the post-industrial, and postmodern culture.

Social groups in machine translationpost-editing

We analysed focus group interview data collected from 22 project managers (PMs) working in Japan, covering their experiences of machine translation post-editing (MTPE). A Social Construction of Technology analysis of how PMs describe different social groups in translation enabled us to examine the meanings those groups attach to MTPE, the intricate and complex power structures which exist between them, and the negotiations that take place in their day-to-day operations. The examination discovered that MTPE is still in a fluid and controversial state due to the difficulty of meeting all groups’ interests, which may lead to MTPE’s disappearance as a business model and the eventual dominance of conventional human translation and raw MT. We conclude that establishing ethical and sustainable translation workflows for all social groups will be vital for MTPE’s survival, which will require careful consideration of the complexity of these social groups and negotiations between them.

Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South

In the post-Reconstruction South, two Republican factions vied for control of state party organizations. The Black-and-Tans sought to keep the party inclusive and integrated, while the Lily-Whites worked to turn the GOP into a whites-only party. The Lily-Whites ultimately emerged victorious, as they took over most state parties by the early twentieth century. Yet no comprehensive data exist to measure how the conflict played out in each state. To fill this void, we present original data that track the racial composition of Republican National Convention delegations from the South between 1868 and 1952. We then use these data in a set of statistical analyses to show that, once disfranchising laws were put into place, the “whitening” of the GOP in the South led to a significant increase in the Republican Party's vote totals in the region. Overall, our results suggest that the Lily-White takeover of the Southern GOP was a necessary step in the Republican Party's reemergence—and eventual dominance—in the region during the second half of the twentieth century.

Islamophobia as New Racism

A historical process of framing Muslims negatively within popular discourses in society during imperialism and colonialism reveals how the emergence of Orientalism and the birth and eventual dominance of neoliberal capitalism had coincided. In the current period, both mainstream and social media continue to disseminate negative views on Islam and Muslims - transmitted through the 24-hour new cycle – which is heightened by an emphasis on extremism, radicalization and terrorism. These concerns reflect the unease felt about matters related to security and counterterrorism, and reinforce the notion that Muslims en masse are somehow antithetical to the norms and values of all of society. A populist politics of division has forced through the ideas of ethnic nationalism, which have come to define this anti-Muslim moment. The confluence of far right normalization in media, and Islamophobia propagated through the news cycles, has real-world implications – from attacks on people and property. In exploring the Danish Cartoons Affair of 2006, which had a global impact on Muslim-non-Muslim relations and perceptions, and the localized nature of anti-Pakistani sentiment in a popular BBC television sitcom, Citizen Khan, there is a discussion of the local and global being bound in framing Muslims.

The Evolution of a Single Toe in Horses: Causes, Consequences, and the Way Forward

Horses are a classic example of macroevolution in three major traits—large body size, tall-crowned teeth (hypsodonty), and a single toe (monodactyly)—but how and why monodactyly evolved is still poorly understood. Existing hypotheses usually connect digit reduction in horses to the spread and eventual dominance of open-habitat grasslands, which took over from forests during the Cenozoic; digit reduction has been argued to be an adaptation for speed, locomotor economy, stability, and/or increased body size. In this review, we assess the evidence for these (not necessarily mutually exclusive) hypotheses from a variety of related fields, including paleoecology, phylogenetic comparative methods, and biomechanics. Convergent evolution of digit reduction, including in litopterns and artiodactyls, is also considered. We find it unlikely that a single evolutionary driver was responsible for the evolution of monodactyly, because changes in body size, foot posture, habitat, and substrate are frequently found to influence one another (and to connect to broader potential drivers, such as changing climate). We conclude with suggestions for future research to help untangle the complex dynamics of this remarkable morphological change in extinct horses. A path forward should combine regional paleoecology studies, quantitative biomechanical work, and make use of convergence and modern analogs to estimate the relative contributions of potential evolutionary drivers for digit reduction.

Racialized Capacities and Transgressive Mobility

This article places race at the analytical center of a comparative urban transport history of early twentieth-century Singapore and Manila. It focuses on motorization, as seen in the influx and eventual dominance of streetcars and automobiles. The British and the American colonizers turned these Western-made vehicles into symbols of colonial modernity, defined in racialized terms. They regarded the different “Asiatics” as naturally ill-equipped to handle streetcars and automobiles, and when the colonized proved them wrong, the colonizers framed these acts using the racialist discourse of “potentiality.” Nevertheless, the native transport laborers appropriated motorized vehicles in ways that the colonizers did not imagine. Machines presented the natives a world of knowledge, which was maximized for financial gain. The acquisition of various forms of knowledge thus revealed a paradox of the civilizing mission: the colonizers exposed natives to the world of civilized knowledge, but the acquisition of this knowledge disrupted colonial discipline.

Cardinal invariants and the collapse of the continuum by Sacks forcing

We study cardinal invariants of systems of meager hereditary families of subsets of ω connected with the collapse of the continuum by Sacks forcing and we obtain a cardinal invariant such that collapses the continuum to and . Applying the Baumgartner-Dordal theorem on preservation of eventually narrow sequences we obtain the consistency of . We define two relations and on the set (ωω)Fin of finite-to-one functions which are Tukey equivalent to the eventual dominance relation of functions such that if -unbounded, well-ordered by , and not -dominating, then there is a nonmeager p-ideal. The existence of such a system follows from Martin's axiom. This is an analogue of the results of [3], [9, 10] for increasing functions.

The First Revolution

This chapter analyses the first two stages of the process of containerisation. The first is the early impact of the industry on the domestic trades of the United States and of Australia. The second is the impact containerisation had on liner shipping and its expansion into North Atlantic, Transpacific (United States-Japan), and Australian trade routes. The chapter argues that these two factors, occuring during the 1950s and 1960s, provided a framework for the eventual dominance of containerisation on global shipping that occured during the 1970s. The chapter ends by detailing the readying of container terminals in all major ports, and the first Japan-Europe container voyage, the 1971 embarkment of the Kamakura Maru.

Convergence or National Styles? The Japanese Challenge to British-Norwegian Hegemony in the Twentieth-Century Whaling Industry

This chapter discusses the British-Norwegian technological and economic hegemony of the modern whaling industry during the twentieth century, and the nature of the challenge presented by Japan, and the relationship between rival states during this period of globalisation. It follows the development of Japanese whaling; their adoption of the modern ‘Norwegian’ method; the 1934 Japanese move into Antarctic waters; and the eventual dominance of Japan over the whaling industry. It concludes by affirming that Japan’s success came from importing British-Norwegian technology, and later, blueprints, in order to adopt and adapt modern whaling technology to suit their national needs, demonstrating that the integration of technology is made possible by globalisation.

Mirror-Elicited Agonistic Behaviour and Body Morphology as Predictors of Dominance Status in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

We tested whether body morphology and aggressive behaviour, measured through mirror image stimulation (MIS), could predict the eventual dominance status of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) tested in paired contests and in stream tank interactions with several individuals. Dominance in paired contests was predicted by MIS behaviour on the fifth observation day using newly emerged juveniles and by MSS behaviour on the first observation day using 7-wk-old juveniles. In both.w420020 dstrials, deeper bodied fish tended to be dominant. In the stream tank tests, the MIS behaviour SAM (swim-against-mirror) and fork length were the best predictors of dominance. Large fish with high levels of SAM tended to be dominant. After removing the effects of fish size, neither body depth nor fin size consistently predicted dominance ability. SAM was positively correlated with overt aggressive behaviours in stream tanks but not with lateral displays, juvenile coho salmon appeared to react to conspecifics and to their own mirror images in a quantitatively similar way, and both MIS behaviour and body morphology were significant predictors of the outcome of agonistic interactions among individuals.