Standard mark table and standard USCI-CF table of the point group D6h. Unification of candidates derived from different D6h-skeletons

Combined-permutation representations (CPRs) for characterizing -skeletons (a benzene skeleton, a Haworth-projected skeleton, a superphane skeleton, and a coronene skeleton) are constructed by starting from respective sets of generators, where the permutation of each generator is combined with a mirror-permutation of 2-cycle to treat both achiral and chiral substituents under the GAP system. Thereby, the CPR of degree 8 (= 6 + 2) for the benzene skeleton, the CPR of degree 14 (= 12 + 2) for the Haworth-projected skeleton, the CPR of degree 14 (= 12 + 2) for the superphane skeleton, the CPR of degree 14 (= 12 + 2) for the coronene skeleton are generated to give primary mark tables (tables of marks) based on these CPRs. These primary mark tables generated by the GAP system are different in the sequence of subgroups from each other, although they stem from the same point group . They are unified into a single standard mark table by means of a newly-devised GAP function MarkTableforUSCI. Moreover, another newly-devised GAP function constructUSCITable is employed to construct a standard USCI-CF (unit-subduced-cycle-index-with-chirality-fittingness) table concordantly. After a set of PCI-CFs (partial cycle indices with chirality fittingness) is calculated for each skeleton, symmetry-itemized combinatorial enumeration is conducted by means of the PCI method of Fujita’s USCI approach (S. Fujita, Symmetry and Combinatorial Enumeration in Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1991).

Application of GAP (groups, algorithms and programming) system to stereoisograms for characterizing RS-stereoisomers of cubane derivatives

The PCI (Partial-Cycle-Index) method of Fujita’s USCI (Unit-Subduced-CycleIndex) approach has been applied to symmetry-itemized enumerations of cubane derivatives, where groups for specifying three-aspects of symmetry, i.e., the point group for chirality/achirality, the RS-stereogenic group for RS-stereogenicity/RS-astereogenicity, and the LR-permutation group for sclerality/ascrelarity are considered as the subgroups of the RS-stereoisomeric group . Five types of stereoisograms are adopted as diagrammatical expressions of , after combined-permutation representations (CPR) are created as new tools for treating various groups according to Fujita’s stereoisogram approach. The use of CPRs under the GAP (Groups, Algorithms and Programming) system has provided new GAP functions for promoting symmetry-itemized enumerations. The type indices for characterizing stereoisograms (e.g., for a type-V stereoisogram) have been sophisticated into RS-stereoisomeric indices (e.g., for a cubane derivative with the composition ). The type-V stereoisograms for cubane derivatives with the composition are discussed under extended pseudoasymmetry as a new concept.

Environmental control and test dynamic control of the engine output parameters

In modern transport, environmental control plays a key role in shaping the strategy for managing the technical condition of nodes and systems. The first step in reducing the toxicity of exhaust gas emissions was the introduction of Euro standards, successively from Euro-0 to Euro-6. Accompanying the appearance of Euro standards, exhaust systems were supplemented with catalytic converters, which deactivated most of the harmful emissions. Oxygen sensors also began to play a key role, the installation of which resulted in the appearance of feedback. Thus, the global automotive industry is closer to the controllability of the engine output parameters. However, there are not enough parameters, operating modes, and additional controls available for this purpose. The presented studies used a new method of selective control of exhaust gases in each cylinder. The following parameters were used for monitoring: the crankshaft speed, complete and partial (cycle-by-cycle) disconnection of cylinders, O2, CO, CO2, and CH. The mode was provided by the number of the engine's disconnected operated cycles and the crankshaft speed. The control was performed by the internal adjustment of the fuel supply under the influence on the injection duration of the electromagnetic nozzle. During the research, we established the minimum values of the exhaust toxicity parameters during the test effects. This method with a combination of modes and parameters allows us to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of vehicles.

Assimilation of Data Derived from Optimal-member Products of TREPS for Convection-Permitting TC Forecasting over Southern China

To improve the landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting, the pseudo inner-core observations derived from the optimal-member forecast (OPT) and its probability-matched mean (OPTPM) of a mesoscale ensemble prediction system, namely TREPS, were assimilated in a partial-cycle data assimilation (DA) system based on the three-dimensional variational method. The impact of assimilating the derived data on the 12-h TC forecasting was evaluated over 17 TCs making landfall on Southern China during 2014–2016, based on the convection-permitting Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) model with the horizontal resolution of 0.03°. The positive impacts of assimilating the OPT-derived data were found in predicting some variables, such as the TC intensity, lighter rainfall, and stronger surface wind, with statistically significant impacts at partial lead times. Compared with assimilation of the OPT-derived data, assimilation of the OPTPM-derived data generally brought improvements in the forecasts of TC track, intensity, lighter rainfall, and weaker surface wind. When the data with higher accuracy was assimilated, the positive impacts of assimilating the OPTPM-derived data on the forecasts of heavier rainfall and stronger surface wind were more evident. The improved representation of initial TC circulation due to assimilating the derived data improved the TC forecasting, which was intuitively illustrated in the case study of Mujigae.

Impact of Assimilating Wind Profiling Radar Observations on Convection-Permitting Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts during SCMREX

To improve the prediction of heavy rainfall in southern China during the prerainy season, horizontal wind data from wind profiling radars (WPRs) were assimilated in the partial-cycle data assimilation (DA) system based on a three-dimensional variational method. The analyses from the DA system are used as initial conditions for the convection-permitting Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) model. The impact of assimilating WPR data on the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) in southern China was evaluated over the period of the Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX) in May 2014, by comparing the results of a control experiment with WPR data assimilated and a denial experiment without WPR data. The positive impact of WPR DA was significant on the forecasts of atmospheric variables in the vertical and diagnostic fields at the surface, especially those of surface wind fields in the 0–6-h range. The inclusion of WPR data also improved the QPF skill of light and heavy rainfall throughout the 12-h forecast period by reducing the predicted spurious precipitation (thereby alleviating overestimations and false alarms), with the largest improvement in 6-h heavy rainfall forecasts. WPR DA considerably alleviated the spinup problem, remarkably improving the QPF of heavy rainfall (especially extreme rainfall). The improved representation of wind and moisture at lower levels in the analyses due to WPR DA was the physical cause of the QPF improvement, as is illustrated using a case study.