Nick – tożsamość w Internecie

Nicknames, also treated as usernames, pseudonyms or as a subclass of pseudonyms, denote non-official personal names in German. They are names given by people themselves and therefore mostly self-chosen and not adopted by others in digital network communication, be it in chats, on forums, when gaming on the Internet, on social media, etc. This article deals with a contrastive examination of the German and Polish nicknames in selected digital network communications. After a semantic, morphological, syntactic, graphostilistic and lexical classification, the nicknames of both languages are compared. This article is intended to signal certain tendencies in the choice of the appropriate nicknames in both languages.

Sign language lexicography: a case study of an online dictionary

As a growing field of study within sign language linguistics, sign language lexicography faces many challenges that have already been answered for audio-oral language material. In this paper, we present some of these challenges and methods developed to help navigate the complex lexical classification field. The described methods and strategies are implemented in the first Czech sign language (ČZJ) online dictionary, a part of the platform Dictio, developed at Masaryk University in Brno. We cover the topic of lemmatisation and how to decide what constitutes a lexeme in sign language. We introduce four types of expressions that qualify for a dictionary entry: a simple lexeme, a compound, a derivative, and a set phrase. We address the question of the place of classifier constructions and shape and size specifiers in a dictionary, given their peculiar semantic status. We maintain the standard classification of classifiers (whole entity and holding classifiers) and size and shape specifiers (SASSes; static and tracing specifiers). We provide arguments for separating the category of specifiers from the category of classifiers. We discuss the proper treatment of mouthings and mouth gestures concerning citation forms, derivation and translation. We show why it is difficult in sign language to distinguish synonyms from variants and how our proposed phonological criteria can help. We explain how to construct a semantic definition in a sign language and what is the solution for multiple meanings of one form. We offer simple guidelines for forming proper examples of use in a sign language. And finally, we briefly comment on the process of the translation between sign and spoken languages. We conclude the paper with a summary of roles that Dictio plays in the ČZJ-signing community.

On the Cognitive Foundation of Lexical Classification of the Subject World

The paper presents a language of thought (a set of cognitive units and relations) used to provide non-verbal definitions for the following five concepts: ARMCHAIR, MUG, RAVINE, LAKE, TREE. These definitions make it possible to describe concepts on two levels of specificity. On the first level, a concept is presented as a holistic cognitive unit. On the second, more specific, level, the same concept is viewed as a partitive system, i.e. a hierarchical system of its parts, the latter being smaller concepts into which the original holistic unit is decomposed. A hypothesis is advanced that such structure is inherent to all visible objects. The partitive system is argued to play a major role in human cognition. It, first, provides for an in-depth understanding of the perceived objects through understanding the role of their parts, and, second, underlies the formation of the hierarchy of concepts with respect to their generality. Besides, it can be considered as one of the defining properties of the human species as it accounts for the human ability to purposefully change the world.

Image-based Abuse: Debate and Reflections on the “Iveco Case” in Spain on Twitter

The instance of image-based abuse that ended in the victim’s suicide, known as the “Iveco case,” had an unprecedented social impact in Spain in 2019. This case provoked a great social reaction and became particularly viral on social networks such as Twitter. The present research investigates how this case has been dealt with through Twitter discourse. In particular, this study aimed to identify the main elements that could explain how people engaged with the problem of nonconsensual sharing of sexually explicit images in general, and with this case in particular. In total, 1,895 tweets with the word “Iveco” written in Spain were selected by streaming API, and their content was analyzed by lexical analysis using Iramuteq software (Reinert method). This software carries out an automatic lexical classification cluster analysis that groups the most significant words and text segments according to their co-occurrence. The results revealed that, on Twitter, it was stressed that the victim was a married woman with children who had practiced sexting. However, in response to this initial description, many voices also emerged that labelled this image-based abuse as gender-based online violence. Criticism was aimed at both the passivity of the company, and the attitude of hundreds of thousands of people who share the sexting video by WhatsApp groups without permission. Consequently, several feminist mobilizations emerged, framing this case within a sexist and patriarchal society and asking for accountability. However, in contrast, countermovements such as the #NotAllMen also emerged.

Korean and the Korean dialects

This chapter presents a structural overview of contemporary Korean. Following a brief introduction to the speakers, writing systems, and previous scholarship, the main body surveys the following six areas. Historical connections cover the Korean-Japanese and Korean-Altaic hypotheses, dialectal situation, and standardization, and contacts with Chinese, Japanese, and English. The phonology presents the phoneme inventory, a set of rules mapping morphophonemic to phonetic representations, and suprasegmental features. The morphology discusses lexical classification, inflection, and derivation. The syntax covers the word order, noun and verb phrases, main and satellite clauses, causative / passive constructions, and serial (converb) and auxiliary constructions. The lexicon discusses the layers of native terms, Sino-Korean words, and loanwords. Finally, the dialectal variation describes the formation and characteristics of seven dialectal zones and sociopolitical dialectal division between the two Koreas.

„Композитный взрыв” в современном русском газетном дискурсе

“Compounding explosion” in modern Russian journalese discourseThe author of the paper deals with compound words, which are one of active developing phenomena in the journalese texts. Researched material was excerpted from Russian specialized magazines published in 2010–2016. The number of compounds constantly increases. Most of them are borrowed from English or derived from foreign word-formation models. Neologisms, which contain minimum two components in their structure, are productive in journal discourse because of few reasons. First of all, they are used to name new designate as economic way of nomination. Second of all, compound words play manipulative and styling role in written texts. The main aim of the analysis was to research the structure of compound words, to present lexical classification and to point out the reasons of popularity of compound words. „Eksplozja kompozytów” we współczesnym rosyjskim dyskursie medialnymPrzedmiotem zainteresowania niniejszych rozważań są złożenia, których wysoka frekwencja jest szczególnie zauważalna we współczesnym dyskursie prasowym. Materiał egzemplifikacyjny został wyekscerpowany z rosyjskich czasopism, umownie określanych jako „czasopisma kobiece” 2013–2016. Głównym celem podjęcia tego tematu badawczego jest klasyfikacja leksykalno-semantyczna zgromadzonych jednostek złożonych, analiza strukturalna oraz ustalenie przyczyn ich rosnącej popularności. Istotą badania jest również zwrócenie uwagi na problem niestabilności ortograficznej i graficznej kompozytów zapożyczonych z innych systemów językowych, a także zaakcentowanie braku jednolitej bazy teoretycznej przy klasyfikacji statusu słów złożonych.

Verb classifiers in East Asia

Many linguists define classification systems in terms of semantic profiling. The classifier profiles a semantic trait common to all the classified items. This paper rejects semantic profiling in favor of a combinatorial definition of classification and evaluates verb classification in five languages of the Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao and Tibeto-Burman families. Only sortal verb classifiers in Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao (not Tibeto-Burman) are classificatory in the combinatorial sense. Sortal verb classifiers stand for a lexical classification technique in which the classifiers are derived from adjunct noun phrases. Cross-linguistically, the technique contrasts with other techniques such as the classification of verbs by incorporated core arguments found in Native American languages. This paper also evaluates mensural verb classifiers and auto-classifiers which are generally not classificatory in the combinatorial sense.