Novel Application of Pourbaix Diagrams to Model Precipitation in Upstream Biomanufacturing Process Solutions

Commercial production of therapeutic proteins using mammalian cells requires complex process solutions, and consistency of these process solutions is critical to maintaining product titer and quality between batches. Inconsistencies between process solutions prepared at bench and commercial scale may be due to differences in mixing time, temperature, and pH which can lead to precipitation and subsequent removal via filtration of critical solution components such as trace metals. Pourbaix diagrams provide a useful tool to model the solubility of trace metals and were applied to troubleshoot the scale-up of nutrient feed preparation after inconsistencies in product titer were observed between bench- and manufacturing-scale batches. Pourbaix diagrams modeled the solubility of key metals in solution at various stages of the nutrient feed preparation and identified copper precipitation as the likely root cause of inconsistent media stability at commercial scale. Copper precipitation increased proportionally with temperature in bench-scale preparations of nutrient feed and temperature was identified as the root cause of copper precipitation at the commercial scale. Additionally, cell culture copper titration studies performed in bench-scale bioreactors linked copper-deficient mammalian cell culture to inconsistent titers at the commercial scale. Pourbaix diagrams can predict when trace metals are at risk of precipitating and can be used to mitigate risk during the scale-up of complex media preparations.

Mitigation of Enteric Methane Emission through Feed Modification and Rumen Manipulation

<p class="awabstrak2">The major of gas emission in the livestock sector are in the form of methane produced by microbial activity in the rumen. The emission of methane cause global warming and is predicted to keep increasing. Feed modification and rumen manipulation are important ways that can be used to mitigate methane emission. Based on this condition, this paper aims to describe several ways to mitigate methane emission using feed and rumen modification for smallholder farmers. Feed modification can be done using high Non-Fiber Carbohydrate (NFC) content in feed and also using balance nutrient feed. Meanwhile, rumen modification can be done through inlcusion of feed additive, microbial products, and oils. Providing feed contains high NFC as much as 21.8-53%DM would decrease methane emission by 3.03-28.33%. While providing feed contains balance nutrients would potentially decrease 21.87% of methane emission. Feed additive addition as much as 0.0011-12%DM decreased 0.59-78% of methane emission. Bacterial inclusion as much as 0.7x10⁸ – 3,6x10¹¹CFU decreased 0- 18.57% of methane emission. Oil or fat inclusion as much as 6%DM decreased 6.02-24.53% of methane emission. A combination of methods can be used to optimize methane mitigation and it can be applicable for farmers to raise their livestock in friendly environment.</p>

RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE STALK AND GRAIN CRUSHER OF A SMALL FODDER SHOP

It is known that in Kazakhstan, 70 ... 80 percent of peasant farms have no more than 100 head of cattle and 500 head of sheep. To fatten these farms and to prepare a complete ration with combined feed in dairy farms, a distributer-mixer with a box with a capacity of 3 ... 5 m3 is needed. Since the equipment of these distributer-mixer machines with stalk and grain crushers ensures that it chops fodder itself and loads them onto a hay rye and grain warehouse of a mobile fodder shop, in the process of preparing a full ration of a combined feed, the number of operations will be reduced by 1.67 times, and the operating costs of the unit will be reduced by 1.5 times. In addition, if the stalk fodder is crushed by zootechnical requirements, i.e. 30 to 50 mm, then the uniformity of the mixing process increases. Here you can mix with the addition of nutrient feed in the preparation of the combined feed, that is, the use of a mobile fodder shop in the household allows you to carry out the process of preparing a combined feed using new and inexpensive technologies, i.e. the use of a mobile fodder shop equipped with special crushers is a technological innovation. At present, the “Scientific Production Center of Agroengineering” on small farms is developing a mobile fodder shop for the preparation and distribution of compound feeds with a capacity of 5.0 m3, equipped with crushers for stalk and croup. In addition, in order to simplify the drive to the crusher and to make the design simple, the crusher of the stalk and grain are equipped with one bucket, that is, this is a technical novelty of the mobile fodder shop. Stalk and grain crushers of mobile fodder shops were made and tested. During the tests, the productivity of the stalk chopper is 2.5 ... 3.0 t/h, the power consumption is 6.2...7.0 kW, and the productivity of the grain crusher is 750 - 900 kg/h, and it was found that the power consumption in the performance range will be between 5.1 ... 7.2 kW. It was proved that the size of the crushed stalk and grain meets zootechnical requirements.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Udang Terfermantasi Sebagai Pakan Ternak Sapi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui level limbah udang terfermentasi dengan Probio – FM dalam ransum ternak sapi. Limbah udang terfermentasi dipergunakan sebagai pengganti konsentrat dengan level 0; 10; 20 and 30 % dari total konsentrat yang digunakan. Perbandingan hijauan dan konsentrat dalam ransum adalah 60:40. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Peubah yang diamati terdiri dari ransum masuk (nutrient feed intake) dan pertambahan bobot badan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) terhadap nutrient feed intake dan pertambahan bobot badan). Pemasukan tertinggi adalah 3.765 kg ekor-1 hari-1) dan pertambahan bobot badan (829.4 g ekor-1 hari-1) dapat dicapai dengan pemberian 10 % fermentasi limbah udang. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa penggantian 10% konsentrat dengan limbah udang terfermentasi memberikan produksi tertinggi terhadap zat makanan masuk dan pertambahan bobot badan ternak sapi Kata Kunci : limbah udang terfermentasi, sapi, masukan makanan feed intake), pertambahan bobot badan

KANDUNGAN ENERGI METABOLIS SEMU PAKAN DAN ENERGI METABOLIS SEMU TERKOREKSI N PADA GANDUM DENGAN SUPLEMENTASI ENZIM SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI JAGUNG

Feed broiler is one important factor that is very supportive of other factors when broiler maintenance. One way to reduce the use of maize is to use alternative raw materials of wheat. Wheat can be obtained and the price is cheaper than corn but contains a high Non Starch Polysaccharide, while the poultry digestive tool is not able to digest such crude fiber because it has no crude fiber-breaking enzymes so it needs enzyme addition to the efficient use of nutrient feed. The research method used is the experimental method using Completely Randomized Design consisting of 4 treatments 5 replications. The treatment is as follows P0 (without wheat and xylanase); P1 (substitution of maize with 20% wheat); P2 (maize substitution with 40% wheat) and P3 (substitution of maize with 60% wheat). The observed variables are metabolic energy of pseudo-feed and metabolically correlated false energy n. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) if there are differences among the treatments followed by Duncan's Test. The results showed that the use of wheat with a xylanase enzyme supplementation as a substitute corn provides highly significant effect (P<0.01) on the apparent metabolize energy of feed and apparent metabolize energy corrected N. The addition of xylanase enzymes in feed with the substitution of wheat by 20 percent produce the best feed metabolizable energy among other treatments. Keywords : Broiler, Wheat, Enzymes, Energy, Feed