FORMATION OF THE WORLD NETWORK OF SCIENTIFIC CENTERS FOR THE STUDY OF THE IONOSPHERE BY THE INCONHERENT SCATTERING METHOD

The article considers the stages of development of the theory of the method of incoherent scattering as one of the methods of studying the ionosphere. The preconditions for the establishment of scientific centers for ionosphere observation by the method of incoherent scattering, the creation and development of an experimental research base and the formation of a global network of such institutions are highlighted. The idea of ​​the HP method belongs to the American scientist William Gordon. The HP method has become the most informative and accurate method of studying almost all the characteristics of the ionosphere. It made it possible to measure the electron concentration below and above the main maximum, which was impossible with vertical sounding. The advantage of the HP method is that a significant number of characteristics of the ionosphere could be measured simultaneously in a significant range of altitudes. This equates to launching a well-equipped geophysical missile. The duration of such studies compared to episodic missile observations makes this method unique. Today the method is considered the most informative and accurate.

GEORGY IVANOVICH CHELPANOV AND LABOR PSYCHOLOGY

В статье анализируются результаты поездки Г.И. Челпанова в Америку в 1911 г., куда он направился во время строительства Психологического института при Московском университете для ознакомления с организацией психологических институтов и лабораторий, в которых работали виднейшие ученые Дж.М. Кеттелл, Р. Вудвортс, Э.Б. Титченер, Д.Р. Энджелл, Х.А. Карр, Ч.Х. Джадд, Д.Ф. Шепард, У.Б. Пиллсбери, С. Холл, Г. Мюнстерберг и др. Устройство и принципы работы руководимых ими научно-исследовательских подразделений оставили большое впечатление. По приезде в Москву в своих выступлениях он неоднократно возвращался к своим американским воспоминаниям. Начало ХХ в. характеризовалось зарождением прикладной психологии, а одним из ее направлений была психология труда. Американский ученый немецкого происхождения Г. Мюнстерберг - признанный в мире основатель прикладной психологии, за трудами которого внимательно следил Г.И. Челпанов. Именно ее развитие стала предметом обсуждения в его выступлениях в 1911 - 1912 гг. Главные вопросы, требовавшие незамедлительного ответа - области приложения прикладной психологии и кто будет этим заниматься в России. Именно Психологический институт, оснащенный самыми современными приборами, должен был готовить к будущим научным исследованиям тех молодых людей, которые в скором времени займутся прикладной психологией. Так и произошло - с 1912 г. заработал Психологический институт, где воплощались замыслы Г.И. Челпанова. В 1921 г., т.е. ровно 100 лет назад, уже в Советской России, он возвращается к теме прикладной психологии, имевшей конкретное имя - психология труда. Он наметил задачи, требовавшие незамедлительного решения, которые, как показала практика 1920-30-х гг., решались советскими учеными. The article addresses G. I. Chelpanov’s trip to the USA in 1911, where he went during the construction of the Psychological Institute at Moscow University to get acquainted with the organization of psychological institutes and laboratories, where the most prominent scientists J. M. Cattell, R. Woodworth, E. B. Titchener, J.R. Angell, H. A. Carr, C. H. Judd, J. F. Shepard, W. B. Pillsbury, S. Hall, G. Münsterberg and many others worked, the structure and principles of the research led by them left a great impression. Speaking upon his arrival in Moscow, he repeatedly returns to his American memories. The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the emergence of applied psychology, and one of the areas was labor psychology. The American scientist of German origin G. Münsterberg is the internationally recognized founder of applied psychology, whose works G. I. Chelpanov knew and followed. It was its development that became the subject of discussion in his speeches in 1911 and 1912. The main questions that demanded an immediate answer were the areas of application of applied psychology and personalities who would implement this in Russia. It was the modern and equipped with the most modern devices Psychological Institute that was supposed to prepare for future scientific research those young people who would soon be engaged in applied psychology. And so, it happened - since 1912 the Psychological Institute was opened, where G. I. Chelpanov’s ideas were manifested. In 1921, already in Soviet Russia, he returned to the topic of applied psychology, which already had a specific name - labor psychology. He outlined the tasks that needed to be addressed in the near future, which, as the practice of the 1920s and 1930s showed, were solved by Soviet scientists.

Dr. Edward Hartley Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics – part II

Edward Hartley Angle was an eminent American scientist, dentist, great inventor, being rightly considered to be the father of modern orthodontics. The great American scientist was the author of an impressive number of patents (46) and was the coordinator of 7 editions of some impressive orthodontic treatises. Thus, in this material, which we structured in 2 distinct parts, we tried to present as concisely as possible the most important data from the biography of Dr. Edward Hartley Angle.

R. KALMAN `S PROBLEM ABOUT FIBONACCI `S NUMBERS

In this paper authors are considered the R. Kalman`s problem about of Fibonacci numbers. An overview of research methods for control theory systems in two concepts “state space” and the “input-output” mapping is presented. In this paper, we consider the problem of R. Kalman on Fibonacci numbers, which consists in the following. R. Kalman's problem on Fibonacci numbers is considered, which is as follows. Fibonacci numbers form a minimal Realization. The authors of the article formulated a theorem, which was given the name of the outstanding American Scientist R. Kalman. The proof of the theorem is very cumbersome, therefore, authors proved it using an example when the Fibonacci numbers are obtained on the basis of the application of the B. Ho`s algorithm. B. Ho is a purple of R. Kalman. In this paper, the algorithm of B. Ho is given, which allows one to find the parameters of the initial linear deterministic system. Based on these parameters, we find the initial Fibonacci numbers. Thus, Fibonacci numbers are closely related to the problem of linear deterministic implementation and to B. Ho's algorithm.

The Gibbs Phase Rule

Materials are made up of regions of space that are homogeneous in structure and properties, called phases. The number of different phases in a material depends on its temperature, pressure and composition, as given when the material is at equilibrium by the Gibbs phase rule. This was discovered by the American scientist J. Willard Gibbs during his ground-breaking investigations in the late 19th century into the thermodynamics of heterogeneous materials. This chapter explains the differences between solutions, mixtures and compounds; the use of phase diagrams to determine the structure of a material; and the way in which phase transformations can be used to change the structure of a material. Gibbs grew up in an academic family at Yale University in New Haven at the time of the American Civil War. He was the first person to receive an engineering doctorate in the United States, and he later became a fundamental theoretician of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and vector fields.

THE ESSENCE AND FEATURE OF SEARCH TECHNOLOGY

One of the technologies aimed at developing students' creative thinking is search technology. The search technology of learning is the organization of search, cognitive activities of students by setting cognitive and practical tasks that require independent, creative solution of the teacher. The essence of search technology is the search organization and application of knowledge, ensuring their assimilation when searching for methods of scientific cognition, building interest in creative activity, needs in self-education, assistance in understanding the problems of the proposed tasks.This technology was implemented into the educational process by American scientist John Dewey. The article examines how to organize the types of tasks, taking into account the requirements for search technology. The use of this technology in business Kazakh language courses is carried out in the form of practical experience, which creates competencies that contribute to the development of students' cognitive knowledge, the development of creative thinking.

THE HIERARCHICAL WORLD: A REVIEW OF FOREIGN THEORIES OF POWER TRANSIT

The article is devoted to the commentary translation of the analysis of the transit of power in the international arena. The mechanisms of changing dominant powers and the main categories of power are examined. The theory of the transit of power emerged in the United States in the XNUMXs as a dominant power, therefore international scientists who are involved in the problem of a change of power are mainly Americans A. F. K. Organski, Jacek Kugler, Ronald L. Tammen and others. The leading role in the formation of the theory of transit of power was played by the American scientist Organsky. He set forth his main ideas in the book "World Politics" (XNUMX) [XNUMX]. The purpose of this article is to systematize the theory of transit of power, taking into account controversial issues. The task is to apply the theory in question to the relations of the dominant United States and rival China.

I am an American scientist of the world

The ongoing trade war between the United States and China has led to questions about the loyalty and intent of Chinese American scientists. In this essay, I use my own small stories to recall the history of my generation of Chinese American scientists and our journey in this country to build career and life, all in fewer than 1000 words. It intends to be a tribute to the generosity of the American spirit and its openness to strangers, which is the very reason behind the inexhaustible creativity and world-leading research of this country.