Did the Russian Machinations Make the Election Close Enough for Clinton to Lose/Trump to Win?

Throughout Cyberwar, Jamieson argues that taken together the Russian interventions, including press use of the hacked content, troll messaging, disinformation, and the changes in the media and campaign agendas, were sufficient to probably have affected the 2016 Electoral College outcome. Part Five responds to critics who challenge that conclusion. In the process, it examines the controversies over what we know about the nature, extent, timing, targets, and impact of the Russian attacks and their effects.

Evaluating College Programs Using Measures of Student Achievement and Growth

Within the context of the national debate on improving the quality of college general education programs, this paper provides a brief review of the validity and reliability of some measures of general education outcomes of college attendance. It reports on research to improve the accuracy of concordance estimates of mean gains based on analysis of 22, 4-year, longitudinal studies, using instruments from the College Outcome Measures Program (COMP). It examines sensitivity to treatment effects of mean gains across all levels of entering ability. It presents evidence that institutions can collect and use outcome data in ways that may lead to changes that increase student performance.